Effect of occluded venous return on core temperature during cold water immersion

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 2709-2713 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Mittleman ◽  
I. B. Mekjavic
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Esophageal Temperature ◽  
Complete Neglect ◽  
Rate Of Cooling ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Male Subjects

Recent studies using inanimate and animal models suggest that the afterdrop observed upon rewarming from hypothermia is based entirely on physical laws of heat flow without involvement of the returning cooled blood from the limbs. During the investigation of thermoregulatory responses to cold water immersion (15 degrees C), blood flow to the limbs (minimized by the effects of hydrostatic pressure and vasoconstriction) was occluded in 17 male subjects (age, 29.0 +/- 3.3 yr). Comparisons of rectal (Tre) and esophageal temperature (Tes) responses were made during the 5 min before occlusion, during the 10-min occlusion period, and for 5 min immediately after the release of the cuffs (postocclusion). In the preocclusion phase, Tre and Tes showed similar cooling rates. The occlusion of blood flow to the extremities significantly arrested the cooling of Tes (P less than 0.05) with little effect on Tre. Upon release of the pressure cuffs, the returning extremity blood flow resulted in an increased rate of cooling, that was three times greater at the esophageal site (-0:149 +/- 0.052 vs. -0.050 +/- 0.026 degrees C.min-1). These results suggest that the cooled peripheral circulation, minimized during cold water immersion, may dramatically affect esophageal temperature and the complete neglect of the circulatory component to the afterdrop phenomenon is not warranted.

Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1535-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Romet
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Convective Component ◽  
Rate Of Cooling ◽  
Humidified Air ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Deep Body

It was hypothesized that if afterdrop is a purely conductive phenomenon, the afterdrop during rewarming should proceed initially at a rate equal to the rate of cooling. Eight male subjects were cooled on three occasions in 22 degrees C water and rewarmed once by each of three procedures: spontaneous shivering, inhalation of heated (45 degrees C) and humidified air, and immersion up to the neck in 40 degrees C water. Deep body temperature was recorded at three sites: esophagus, auditory canal, and rectum. During spontaneous and inhalation rewarming, there were no significant differences between the cooling (final 30 min) and afterdrop (initial 10 min) rates as calculated for each deep body temperature site, thus supporting the hypothesis. During rapid rewarming, the afterdrop rate was significantly greater than during the preceding cooling, suggesting a convective component contributing to the increased rate of fall. The rapid reversal of the afterdrop also indicates that a convective component contributes to the rewarming process as well.

A second postcooling afterdrop: more evidence for a convective mechanism

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1253-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Giesbrecht ◽  
G. K. Bristow
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Warm Bath ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

An attempt was made to demonstrate the importance of increased perfusion of cold tissue in core temperature afterdrop. Five male subjects were cooled twice in water (8 degrees C) for 53–80 min. They were then rewarmed by one of two methods (shivering thermogenesis or treadmill exercise) for another 40–65 min, after which they entered a warm bath (40 degrees C). Esophageal temperature (Tes) as well as thigh and calf muscle temperatures at three depths (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 cm) were measured. Cold water immersion was terminated at Tes varying between 33.0 and 34.5 degrees C. For each subject this temperature was similar in both trials. The initial core temperature afterdrop was 58% greater during exercise (mean +/- SE, 0.65 +/- 0.10 degrees C) than shivering (0.41 +/- 0.06 degrees C) (P < 0.005). Within the first 5 min after subjects entered the warm bath the initial rate of rewarming (previously established during shivering or exercise, approximately 0.07 degrees C/min) decreased. The attenuation was 0.088 +/- 0.03 degrees C/min (P < 0.025) after shivering and 0.062 +/- 0.022 degrees C/min (P < 0.025) after exercise. In 4 of 10 trials (2 after shivering and 2 after exercise) a second afterdrop occurred during this period. We suggest that increased perfusion of cold tissue is one probable mechanism responsible for attenuation or reversal of the initial rewarming rate. These results have important implications for treatment of hypothermia victims, even when treatment commences long after removal from cold water.

Effect of cold water immersion on recovery and limb blood flow following high-intensity cycling

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. S23
Author(s):  
J. Vaile ◽  
B. Stefanovic ◽  
C. O’Hagan ◽  
M. Walker ◽  
N. Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Limb Blood Flow

Free fatty acid availability and temperature regulation in cold water

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2466-2472 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Martineau ◽  
I. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Glycogen Utilization ◽  
Male Subjects

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a reduced availability of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) would impair human temperature regulation during cold exposure. Seven seminude male subjects were immersed on two occasions in 18 degrees C water for 90 min or until their rectal temperature (Tre) decreased to 35.5 degrees C. The immersion occurred after 2 h of intermittent oral ingestion of either nicotinic acid (NIC) or a placebo (PLAC). Plasma FFA levels immediately before the immersion were significantly lower in NIC (87 +/- 15 mumol/l) than in PLAC (655 +/- 116 mumol/l, P less than 0.05). Although FFA levels increased by 73% in NIC during the immersion (P less than 0.05), they remained significantly lower than in PLAC (151 +/- 19 vs. 716 +/- 74 mumol/l, P less than 0.05) throughout the immersion. Muscle glycogen concentrations in the vastus lateralis decreased after cold water immersion in both trials (P less than 0.05), but the rate of glycogen utilization was similar, averaging 1.00 +/- 0.27 mmol glucose unit.kg dry muscle-1.min-1). Plasma glucose levels were significantly reduced after immersion in both trials (P less than 0.05), this decrease being greater in NIC (1.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) than in PLAC (0.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, P less than 0.05). O2 uptake increased to 3.8 +/- 0.3 times preimmersion values in both trials (P less than 0.05). Mean respiratory exchange ratio (RER) immediately before the immersion was greater in NIC (0.87 +/- 0.02) than in PLAC (0.77 +/- 0.01, P less than 0.05). Cold exposure increased RER in PLAC but not in NIC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Influence of cold-water immersion on limb blood flow after resistance exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Mawhinney ◽  
Helen Jones ◽  
David A. Low ◽  
Daniel J. Green ◽  
Glyn Howatson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Limb Blood Flow

Human thermoregulatory responses during cold water immersion after artificially induced sunburn

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. R617-R623 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Pandolf ◽  
R. W. Gange ◽  
W. A. Latzka ◽  
I. H. Blank ◽  
A. J. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Esophageal Temperature ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
The Mean

Thermoregulatory responses during cold-water immersion (water temperature 22 degrees C) were compared in 10 young men before as well as 24 h and 1 wk after twice the minimal erythemal dose of ultraviolet-B radiation that covered approximately 85% of the body surface area. After 10 min of seated rest in cold water, the mean exercised for 50 min on a cycle ergometer (approximately 51% of maximal aerobic power). Rectal temperature, regional and mean heat flow (hc), mean skin temperature from five sites, and hearrt rate were measured continuously for all volunteers while esophageal temperature was measured for six subjects. Venous blood samples were collected before and after cold water immersion. The mean skin temperature was higher (P less than 0.05) throughout the 60-min cold water exposure both 24 h and 1 wk after sunburn compared with before sunburn. Mean hc was higher (P less than 0.05) after 10 min resting immersion and during the first 10 min of exercise when 24 h postsunburn was compared with presunburn, with the difference attributed primarily to higher hc from the back and chest. While rectal temperature and heart rate did not differ between conditions, esophageal temperature before immersion and throughout the 60 min of cold water immersion was higher (P less than 0.05) when 24 h postsunburn was compared with presunburn. Plasma volume increased (P less than 0.05) after 1 wk postsunburn compared with presunburn, whereas plasma protein concentration was reduced (P less than 0.05). After exercise cortisol was greater (P less than 0.05) 24 h postsunburn compared with either presunburn or 1 wk postsunburn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Peripheral blood flow changes in response to postexercise cold water immersion

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui C. Choo ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Jeremiah J. Peiffer ◽  
Mohammed Ihsan ◽  
Chow C. Yeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Peripheral Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Changes

Human temperature regulation during subanesthetic levels of nitrous oxide-induced narcosis

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2301-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Cheung ◽  
I. B. Mekjavic
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Dose Dependent Effect ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

The present study investigated whether nitrous oxide (N2O) attenuates shivering thermogenesis during cold water immersion in a dose-dependent manner. Seven male subjects were immersed to the neck for 60 min in 20 degrees C water on five separate occasions while breathing either air (AIR) or a normoxic mixture of 10, 15, 20, or 25% N2O balanced with N2. All N2O concentrations investigated caused a significant (P < 0.02) reduction in shivering thermogenesis compared with AIR. Despite similar heat flux from the skin, the relative changes in esophageal temperature from resting preimmersion levels were significantly greater (P < 0.05) during the N2O trials compared with AIR, with no significant difference among the N2O conditions. A dose-dependent trend in the perception of thermal comfort was observed for the N2O conditions. It is concluded that shivering thermogenesis, and thus thermal balance, is affected to the same degree for the range of inspired N2O concentrations investigated, with no discernable dose-dependent effect.

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