Specificity of esophageal electrode recordings of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle activity

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1501-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Insalaco ◽  
G. Sant'Ambrogio ◽  
F. B. Sant'Ambrogio ◽  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
O. P. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Intramuscular Electrodes ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Recorded Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
The Right

Esophageal electrodes have been used for recording the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA). To determine the specificity of this EMG technique, esophageal electrode recordings were compared with intramuscular recordings in eight anesthetized mongrel dogs. Intramuscular wire electrodes were placed in the right and left PCA, and the esophageal electrode was introduced through the nose or mouth and advanced into the upper esophagus. On direct visualization of the upper airway, the unshielded catheter electrode entered the esophagus on the right or left side. Cold block of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) ipsilateral to the esophageal electrode was associated with a marked decrease in recorded activity, whereas cold block of the contralateral RLN resulted only in a small reduction in activity. After supplemental doses of anesthesia were administered, bilateral RLN cold block essentially abolished the activity recorded with the intramuscular electrodes as well as that recorded with the esophageal electrode. Before supplemental doses of anesthesia were given, especially after vagotomy, the esophageal electrode, and in some cases the intramuscular electrodes, recorded phasic inspiratory activity not originating from the PCA. Therefore, one should be cautious in interpreting the activity recorded from esophageal electrodes as originating from the PCA, especially in conditions associated with increased respiratory efforts.

Respiratory Activity of the Rat Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Berkowitz ◽  
John Chalmers ◽  
Qi-Jian Sun ◽  
Paul M. Pilowsky
Keyword(s):  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Diaphragmatic Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Intramuscular Nerve ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Nerve Discharge

An anatomic and electrophysiological study of the rat posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is described. The intramuscular nerve distribution of the PCA branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was demonstrated by a modified Sihler's stain. The nerve to the PCA was found to terminate in superior and inferior branches with a distribution that appeared to be confined to the PCA muscle. Electromyography (EMG) recordings of PCA muscle activity in anesthetized rats were obtained under stereotaxic control together with measurement of phrenic nerve discharge. A total of 151 recordings were made in 7 PCA muscles from 4 rats. Phasic inspiratory activity with a waveform similar to that of phrenic nerve discharge was found in 134 recordings, while a biphasic pattern with both inspiratory and post-inspiratory peaks was recorded from random sites within the PCA muscle on 17 occasions. The PCA EMG activity commenced 24.6 ± 2.2 milliseconds (p < .0001) before phrenic nerve discharge. The results are in accord with findings of earlier studies that show that PCA muscle activity commences prior to inspiratory airflow and diaphragmatic muscle activity. The data suggest that PCA and diaphragm motoneurons share common or similar medullary pre-motoneurons. The earlier onset of PCA muscle activity may indicate a role for medullary pre-inspiratory neurons in initiating PCA activity.

Developmental changes in sequential activation of laryngeal abductor muscle and diaphragm in infants

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1425-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Eichenwald ◽  
R. G. Howell ◽  
P. C. Kosch ◽  
R. A. Ungarelli ◽  
J. Lindsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Sequential Activation ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

In animals and human adults, upper airway muscle activity usually precedes inspiratory diaphragm activity. We examined the interaction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA), which abducts the larynx, and the diaphragm (DIA) in the control of airflow in newborn infants to assess the effect of maturation on respiratory muscle sequence. We recorded tidal volume, airflow, and DIA and PCA electromyograms (EMG) in 12 full-term, 14 premature, and 10 premature infants with apnea treated with aminophylline. In most breaths, onset of PCA EMG activity preceded onset of DIA EMG activity (lead breaths). In all subjects, we also observed breaths (range 6–61%) in which PCA EMG onset followed DIA EMG onset (lag breaths). DIA neural inspiratory duration and the neuromechanical delay between DIA EMG onset and inspiratory flow were longer in lag than in lead breaths (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The frequency of lag breaths was greater in the premature infants [33 +/- 4% (SE)] than in either the full-term infants (21 +/- 3%, P < 0.03) or the premature infants with apnea treated with aminophylline (16 +/- 2%, P < 0.01). We conclude that the expected sequence of onset of PCA and DIA EMG activity is frequently disrupted in newborn infants. Both maturation and respiratory stimulation with aminophylline improve the coordination of the PCA and DIA.

scholarly journals Geniohyoid muscle function in awake canines

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 810-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yokoba ◽  
H. G. Hawes ◽  
P. A. Easton
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
Lateral Decubitus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Emg Electrodes

The geniohyoid (Genio) upper airway muscle shows phasic, inspiratory electrical activity in awake humans but no activity and lengthening in anesthetized cats. There is no information about the mechanical action of the Genio, including length and shortening, in any awake, nonanesthetized mammal during respiration (or swallowing). Therefore, we studied four canines, mean weight 28.8 kg, 1.5 days after Genio implantation with sonomicrometry transducers and bipolar electromyogram (EMG) electrodes. Awake recordings of breathing pattern, muscle length and shortening, and EMG activity were made with the animal in the right lateral decubitus position during quiet resting, CO2-stimulated breathing, inspiratory-resisted breathing (80 cmH2O · l-1 · s), and airway occlusion. Genio length and activity were also measured during swallowing, when it shortened, showing a 9.31% change from resting length, and its EMG activity increased 6.44 V. During resting breathing, there was no phasic Genio EMG activity at all, and Genio showed virtually no movement during inspiration. During CO2-stimulated breathing, Genio showed minimal lengthening of only 0.07% change from resting length, whereas phasic EMG activity was still absent. During inspiratory-resisted breathing and airway occlusion, Genio showed phasic EMG activity but still lengthened. We conclude that the Genio in awake, nonanesthetized canines shows active contraction and EMG activity only during swallowing. During quiet or stimulated breathing, Genio is electrically inactive with passive lengthening. Even against resistance, Genio is electrically active but still lengthens during inspiration.

Reinnervation of the Canine Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle with Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

1990 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian N. Jacobs ◽  
Bei-Lian Wu ◽  
Ira Sanders ◽  
Hugh F. Biller
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Cord Paralysis ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis ◽  
Preganglionic Neurons ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulation Of

This experiment investigated the reinnervation of the canine posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle with preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Six dogs had their right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) sectioned. Four of these dogs had the sympathetic cervical trunk (SCT) implanted into the right PCA muscle, and the two remaining dogs served as denervated controls. Four months later all dogs underwent videolaryngoscopy, electromyography, and electrical stimulation of the SCT. The PCA muscles were excised, sectioned, and stained for glycogen and ATPase. All four experimental PCA muscles demonstrated electrically evoked abduction and tonic electromyographic activity. In two of the specimens, staining (ATPase and PAS) revealed areas of reinnervation with fiber type grouping and glycogen depletion. These results are consistent with the successful reinnervation of the PCA muscle. Further refinement of this technique could be of benefit to patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis.

Nasal and laryngeal reflex responses to negative upper airway pressure

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. van Lunteren ◽  
W. B. Van de Graaff ◽  
D. M. Parker ◽  
J. Mitra ◽  
M. A. Haxhiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Topical Anesthesia ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

The effects of negative pressure applied to just the upper airway on nasal and laryngeal muscle activity were studied in 14 spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs. Moving average electromyograms were recorded from the alae nasi (AN) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles and compared with those of the genioglossus (GG) and diaphragm. The duration of inspiration and the length of inspiratory activity of all upper airway muscles was increased in a graded manner proportional to the amount of negative pressure applied. Phasic activation of upper airway muscles preceded inspiratory activity of the diaphragm under control conditions; upper airway negative pressure increased this amount of preactivation. Peak diaphragm activity was unchanged with negative pressure, although the rate of rise of muscle activity decreased. The average increases in peak upper airway muscle activity in response to all levels of negative pressure were 18 +/- 4% for the AN, 27 +/- 7% for the PCA, and 122 +/- 31% for the GG (P less than 0.001). Rates of rise of AN and PCA electrical activity increased at higher levels of negative pressure. Nasal negative pressure affected the AN more than the PCA, while laryngeal negative pressure had the opposite effect. The effects of nasal negative pressure could be abolished by topical anesthesia of the nasal passages, while the effects of laryngeal negative pressure could be abolished by either topical anesthesia of the larynx or section of the superior laryngeal nerve. Electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve caused depression of AN and PCA activity, and hence does not reproduce the effects of negative pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Laryngeal response to passively induced hypocapnia during NREM sleep in normal adult humans

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1088-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
M. P. McCarthy ◽  
J. S. Smickley
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Cord ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Passively induced hypocapnia in animals activates vocal cord adductor muscles and decreases the glottic aperture. The purpose of this study was to determine if passively induced hypocapnia has similar effects in normal adult humans in stage 3/4 non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. Hypocapnia was induced by hyperventilating the subjects with a positive-pressure ventilator via a nose mask. At hypocapnic levels below the CO2 apneic threshold, abrupt cessation of mechanical ventilation was followed by an apnea. In protocol 1, intramuscular electromyographic recordings of intrinsic laryngeal muscles were obtained in nine subjects. Activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, a vocal cord abductor, disappeared during passive hyperventilation. The muscle remained electrically silent during an apnea, but phasic inspiratory activity reappeared with the first respiratory effort. The thyroarytenoid and arytenoideus muscles, both vocal cord adductors, were electrically silent during spontaneous breathing in NREM sleep. Hypocapnia was frequently associated with activation of both adductor muscles. Once activated, the adductor muscles remained tonically active during an ensuring apnea. In protocol 2, a fiber-optic scope was advanced transnasally into the hypopharynx to determine glottic aperture size during passively induced hypocapnic apnea. In the seven subjects who achieved stable NREM sleep, the glottic aperture during an apnea was smaller than at any time throughout the respiratory cycle during spontaneous breathing just before positive-pressure ventilation. The results suggest that the decrease in glottic aperture observed during an induced hypocapnic apnea is due to suppression of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and/or activation of vocal cord adductor muscles.

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle activity during wakefulness and sleep in normal adults

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1746-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
J. S. Smickley ◽  
G. Insalaco
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Cord ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Phasic Activity ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Normal Adults

Six normal adults were studied 1) to compare respiratory-related posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle activity during wakefulness and sleep and 2) to determine the effect of upper airway occlusions during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep on PCA activity. A new electromyographic technique was developed to implant hooked-wire electrodes into the PCA by using a nasopharyngoscope. A previously described technique was used to induce upper airway occlusions during NREM sleep (Kuna and Smickley, J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 347-353, 1988). The PCA exhibited phasic inspiratory activity during quiet breathing in wakefulness and sleep in all subjects. Discounting changes in tonic activity, peak amplitude of PCA inspiratory activity during stage 3-4 NREM sleep decreased to 77% of its value in wakefulness. Tonic activity throughout the respiratory cycle was present in all subjects during wakefulness but was absent during state 3-4 NREM sleep. In this sleep stage, PCA phasic activity abruptly terminated near the end of inspiration. During nasal airway occlusions in NREM sleep, PCA phasic activity did not increase significantly during the first or second occluded effort. The results, in combination with recent findings for vocal cord adductors in awake and sleeping adults, suggest that vocal cord position during quiet breathing in wakefulness is actively controlled by simultaneously acting antagonistic intrinsic laryngeal muscles. In contrast, the return of the vocal cords toward the midline during expiration in stage 3-4 NREM sleep appears to be a passive phenomenon.

Effects of HCl-pepsin laryngeal instillations on upper airway patency-maintaining mechanisms

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1299-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franca B. Sant’Ambrogio ◽  
Giuseppe Sant’Ambrogio ◽  
Kyungsoon Chung
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Gastroesophageal reflux has been indicated as an etiopathological factor in disorders of the upper airway. Upper airway collapsing pressure stimulates pressure-responsive laryngeal receptors that reflexly increase the activity of upper airway abductor muscles. We studied, in anesthetized dogs, the effects of repeated laryngeal instillations of HCl-pepsin (HCl-P; pH = 2) on the response of laryngeal afferent endings and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) to negative pressure. The effect of negative pressure on receptor discharge or PCA activity was evaluated by comparing their response to upper airway (UAO) and tracheal occlusions (TO). It is only during UAO, but not during TO, that the larynx is subjected to negative transmural pressure. HCl-P instillation decreased the rate of discharge during UAO of the 10 laryngeal receptors studied from 56.4 ± 10.9 (SE) to 38.2 ± 9.2 impulses/s ( P < 0.05). With UAO, the peak PCA moving time average, normalized by dividing it by the peak values of esophageal pressure, decreased after six HCl-P trials from 4.29 ± 0.31 to 2.23 ± 0.18 ( n = 6; P < 0.05). The responses to TO of either receptors or PCA remained unaltered. We conclude that exposure of the laryngeal mucosa to HCl-P solutions, as it may occur with gastroesophageal reflux, impairs the patency-maintaining mechanisms provided by laryngeal sensory feedback. Inflammatory and necrotic alterations of the laryngeal mucosa are likely responsible for these effects.

Differential response of respiratory muscles to airway occlusion in infants

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Carlo ◽  
M. J. Miller ◽  
R. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Total Duration ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Surface Electrodes ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Activity

The effect of end-expiratory occlusion on respiratory muscle activity was studied in 10 unsedated preterm infants during sleep. Electromyograms (EMG) of the upper airway were recorded from surface electrodes placed over the submental (SM) area; diaphragm (DIA) EMGs were obtained with identical electrodes over the right subcostal margin. Phasic SM EMG accompanied 56 +/- 36% of breaths during spontaneous breathing and increased to 80 +/- 26% (P less than 0.05) on the first inspiratory effort after occlusion. Occlusion increased peak amplitude (P less than 0.001) and total duration (P less than 0.005) of the SM EMG without significant changes in its initial rate of rise. In contrast, only the total duration of the DIA EMG increased (P less than 0.005) during occlusion. Inspiratory time increased from 470 +/- 120 to 720 +/- 210 ms (P less than 0.001) during the first occluded effort, but expiratory time did not change. With sustained occlusion, peak amplitude of the SM EMG progressively increased, but DIA EMG only significantly increased by the third occluded effort. Pharyngeal patency was invariably maintained throughout the induced airway occlusions. Sharp bursts of SM EMG activity coincided with resolution of spontaneous obstructive apneic episodes in four infants. The immediate increase in SM EMG associated with airway occlusion may be a mechanism that prevents the development of obstructive apnea.

Coordination between Palatal and Laryngeal Muscle Activities in Response to Rebreathing and Lung Inflation

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehiko Koizumi ◽  
Mikihiko Kogo ◽  
Tokuzo Matsuya
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Abductor Muscle ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Laryngeal Muscle ◽  
Levator Veli Palatini ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

The soft palate and larynx play an important role in respiration and phonation, regulating the airflow in the upper airway. The levator veli palatini muscle (LVP) is the principal muscle responsible for generating palatal movements. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA) is a laryngeal adductor muscle, and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) is a laryngeal abductor muscle. This study was designed to define, by electromyographic techniques, the coordination between palatal and laryngeal muscle activities in response to rebreathing and lung inflation. We performed tracheotomies on 12 mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and compared the effects of rebreathing and lung inflation on LVP activities with those on LCA and PCA activities. During rebreathing, expiratory LVP and inspiratory PCA activities were progressively augmented, but expiratory LCA activity was inhibited. On the other hand, lung inflation caused augmentation of LVP and LCA activities. In contrast, lung inflation inhibited PCA activity. We thus concluded that LVP activity coordinates with PCA activity in response to alternation of Paco2 and Pao2 levels, while it coordinates with LCA activity in response to lung inflation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document