scholarly journals Muscle mechanical advantage of human walking and running: implications for energy cost

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 2266-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Biewener ◽  
Claire T. Farley ◽  
Thomas J. Roberts ◽  
Marco Temaner
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Mechanical Advantage

Muscular forces generated during locomotion depend on an animal's speed, gait, and size and underlie the energy demand to power locomotion. Changes in limb posture affect muscle forces by altering the mechanical advantage of the ground reaction force ( R) and therefore the effective mechanical advantage (EMA = r/ R, where r is the muscle mechanical advantage) for muscle force production. We used inverse dynamics based on force plate and kinematic recordings of humans as they walked and ran at steady speeds to examine how changes in muscle EMA affect muscle force-generating requirements at these gaits. We found a 68% decrease in knee extensor EMA when humans changed gait from a walk to a run compared with an 18% increase in hip extensor EMA and a 23% increase in ankle extensor EMA. Whereas the knee joint was extended (154–176°) during much of the support phase of walking, its flexed position (134–164°) during running resulted in a 5.2-fold increase in quadriceps impulse (time-integrated force during stance) needed to support body weight on the ground. This increase was associated with a 4.9-fold increase in the ground reaction force moment about the knee. In contrast, extensor impulse decreased 37% ( P < 0.05) at the hip and did not change at the ankle when subjects switched from a walk to a run. We conclude that the decrease in limb mechanical advantage (mean limb extensor EMA) and increase in knee extensor impulse during running likely contribute to the higher metabolic cost of transport in running than in walking. The low mechanical advantage in running humans may also explain previous observations of a greater metabolic cost of transport for running humans compared with trotting and galloping quadrupeds of similar size.

scholarly journals Segmental contributions to the ground reaction force in the single support phase of gait

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Mohan Varma ◽  
S. Sujatha
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Dynamics Models

Abstract. An inverse dynamics model for the single support (SS) phase of gait is developed to study segmental contributions to the ground reaction force (GRF). With segmental orientations as the generalized degrees of freedom (DOF), the acceleration of the body's center-of-mass is expressed analytically as the summation of the weighted kinematics of individual segments. The weighting functions are constants that are functions of the segment masses and center-of-mass distances. Using kinematic and anthropometric data from literature as inputs, and using the roll-over-shape (ROS) to model the foot-ground interaction, GRF obtained from the inverse model are compared with measured GRF data from literature. The choice of the generalized coordinates and mathematical form of the model provides a means to weigh individual segment contributions, simplify models and choose more kinetically accurate inverse dynamics models. For the kinematic data used, an anthropomorphic model that includes the frontal plane rotation of the pelvis in addition to the sagittal DOF of the thigh and shank most accurately captures the vertical component of the GRF in the SS phase of walking. Of the two ROS used, the ankle-foot roll-over shape provides a better approximation of the kinetics in the SS phase. The method presented here can be used with additional experimental studies to confirm these results.

Relationship Between Tibial Acceleration and Proximal Anterior Tibia Shear Force Across Increasing Jump Distance

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Sell ◽  
Jonathan S. Akins ◽  
Alexis R. Opp ◽  
Scott M. Lephart
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Jump Distance ◽  
Tibial Acceleration ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Proximal anterior tibia shear force is a direct loading mechanism of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and is a contributor to ACL strain during injury. Measurement of this force during competition may provide insight into risk factors for ACL injury. Accelerometers may be capable of measuring tibial acceleration during competition. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between acceleration measured by a tibia-mounted accelerometer and proximal anterior tibia shear force as measured through inverse dynamics and peak posterior ground reaction forces during two leg stop-jump tasks. Nineteen healthy male subjects performed stop-jump tasks across increasing jump distances. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine if a relationship exists between accelerometer data and proximal anterior tibia shear force and peak posterior ground reaction force. An analysis of variance was performed to compare these variables across jump distance. Significant correlations were observed between accelerometer data and peak posterior ground reaction force, but none between accelerometer data and proximal anterior tibia shear force. All variables except peak proximal anterior tibia shear force increased significantly as jump distance increased. Overall, results of this study provide initial, positive support for the use of accelerometers as a useful tool for future injury prevention research.

Inverse dynamics calculations during gait with restricted ground reaction force information from pressure insoles

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Forner-Cordero ◽  
H.J.F.M. Koopman ◽  
F.C.T. van der Helm
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Reaction Force

Inverse dynamics vs ground reaction force vector methods: Application on lower limb amputees

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. S61-S62
Author(s):  
S. Fantozzi ◽  
P. Garofalo ◽  
A.G. Cutti ◽  
R. Stagni ◽  
A. Davalli
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Vector ◽  
Lower Limb Amputees

scholarly journals Effect of habitual foot-strike pattern on the gastrocnemius medialis muscle-tendon interaction and muscle force production during running

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wannes Swinnen ◽  
Wouter Hoogkamer ◽  
Tijs Delabastita ◽  
Jeroen Aeles ◽  
Friedl De Groote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Contraction Velocity ◽  
Foot Strike

The interaction between gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle and Achilles tendon, i.e., muscle-tendon unit (MTU) interaction, plays an important role in minimizing the metabolic cost of running. Foot-strike pattern (FSP) has been suggested to alter MTU interaction and subsequently the metabolic cost of running. However, metabolic data from experimental studies on FSP are inconsistent, and a comparison of MTU interaction between FSP is still lacking. We, therefore, investigated the effect of habitual rearfoot and mid-/forefoot striking on MTU interaction, ankle joint work, and plantar flexor muscle force production while running at 10 and 14 km/h. GM muscle fascicles of 9 rearfoot and 10 mid-/forefoot strikers were tracked using dynamic ultrasonography during treadmill running. We collected kinetic and kinematic data and used musculoskeletal models to determine joint angles and calculate MTU lengths. In addition, we used dynamic optimization to assess plantar flexor muscle forces. During ground contact, GM fascicle shortening ( P = 0.02) and average contraction velocity ( P = 0.01) were 40–45% greater in rearfoot strikers than mid-/forefoot strikers. Differences in contraction velocity were especially prominent during early ground contact. Moreover, GM ( P = 0.02) muscle force was greater during early ground contact in mid-/forefoot strikers than rearfoot strikers. Interestingly, we did not find differences in stretch or recoil of the series elastic element between FSP. Our results suggest that, for the GM, the reduced muscle energy cost associated with lower fascicle contraction velocity in mid-/forefoot strikers may be counteracted by greater muscle forces during early ground contact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Kinetic and kinematic differences between foot-strike patterns during running imply (not previously reported) altered muscle-tendon interaction. Here, we studied muscle-tendon interaction using ultrasonography. We found greater fascicle contraction velocities and lower muscle forces in rearfoot compared with mid-/forefoot strikers. Our results suggest that the higher metabolic energy demand due to greater fascicle contraction velocities might offset the lower metabolic energy demand due to lower muscle forces in rearfoot compared with mid-/forefoot strikers.

The fastest runner on artificial legs: different limbs, similar function?

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Weyand ◽  
Matthew W. Bundle ◽  
Craig P. McGowan ◽  
Alena Grabowski ◽  
Mary Beth Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Speed Level ◽  
Running Mechanics ◽  
Intact Limb

The recent competitive successes of a bilateral, transtibial amputee sprint runner who races with modern running prostheses has triggered an international controversy regarding the relative function provided by his artificial limbs. Here, we conducted three tests of functional similarity between this amputee sprinter and competitive male runners with intact limbs: the metabolic cost of running, sprinting endurance, and running mechanics. Metabolic and mechanical data, respectively, were acquired via indirect calorimetry and ground reaction force measurements during constant-speed, level treadmill running. First, we found that the mean gross metabolic cost of transport of our amputee sprint subject (174.9 ml O2·kg−1·km−1; speeds: 2.5–4.1 m/s) was only 3.8% lower than mean values for intact-limb elite distance runners and 6.7% lower than for subelite distance runners but 17% lower than for intact-limb 400-m specialists [210.6 (SD 13.2) ml O2·kg−1·km−1]. Second, the speeds that our amputee sprinter maintained for six all-out, constant-speed trials to failure (speeds: 6.6–10.8 m/s; durations: 2–90 s) were within 2.2 (SD 0.6)% of those predicted for intact-limb sprinters. Third, at sprinting speeds of 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0 m/s, our amputee subject had longer foot-ground contact times [+14.7 (SD 4.2)%], shorter aerial [−26.4 (SD 9.9)%] and swing times [−15.2 (SD 6.9)%], and lower stance-averaged vertical forces [−19.3 (SD 3.1)%] than intact-limb sprinters [top speeds = 10.8 vs. 10.8 (SD 0.6) m/s]. We conclude that running on modern, lower-limb sprinting prostheses appears to be physiologically similar but mechanically different from running with intact limbs.

scholarly journals Experimental recommendations for estimating lower extremity loading based on joint and activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd J Hullfish ◽  
John F Drazan ◽  
Josh R Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Musculoskeletal Models ◽  
Shear Component ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Problem ◽  
Joint Loads ◽  
The Impact

Researchers often estimate joint loading using musculoskeletal models to solve the inverse dynamics problem. This approach is powerful because it can be done non-invasively, however, it relies on assumptions and physical measurements that are prone to measurement error. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of these errors - specifically, segment mass and shear ground reaction force - have on analyzing joint loads during activities of daily living. We preformed traditional marker-based motion capture analysis on 8 healthy adults while they completed a battery of exercises on 6 degree of freedom force plates. We then scaled the mass of each segment as well as the shear component of the ground reaction force in 5% increments between 0 and 200% and iteratively performed inverse dynamics calculations, resulting in 1,681 mass-shear combinations per activity. We compared the peak joint moments of the ankle, knee, and hip at each mass-shear combination to the 100% mass and 100% shear combination to determine the percent error. We found that the ankle was most resistant to changes in both mass and shear and the knee was resistant to changes in mass while the hip was sensitive to changes in both mass and shear. These results can help guide researchers who are pursuing lower-cost or more convenient data collection setups.

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