scholarly journals Contextual cuing contributes to the independent modification of multiple internal models for vocal control

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 2448-2456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwayne Keough ◽  
Jeffery A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Vocal Control ◽  
Vocal Productions ◽  
The Brain

Research on the control of visually guided limb movements indicates that the brain learns and continuously updates an internal model that maps the relationship between motor commands and sensory feedback. A growing body of work suggests that an internal model that relates motor commands to sensory feedback also supports vocal control. There is evidence from arm-reaching studies that shows that when provided with a contextual cue, the motor system can acquire multiple internal models, which allows an animal to adapt to different perturbations in diverse contexts. In this study we show that trained singers can rapidly acquire multiple internal models regarding voice fundamental frequency ( F0). These models accommodate different perturbations to ongoing auditory feedback. Participants heard three musical notes and reproduced each one in succession. The musical targets could serve as a contextual cue to indicate which direction (up or down) feedback would be altered on each trial; however, participants were not explicitly instructed to use this strategy. When participants were gradually exposed to altered feedback adaptation was observed immediately following vocal onset. Aftereffects were target specific and did not influence vocal productions on subsequent trials. When target notes were no longer a contextual cue, adaptation occurred during altered feedback trials and evidence for trial-by-trial adaptation was found. These findings indicate that the brain is exceptionally sensitive to the deviations between auditory feedback and the predicted consequence of a motor command during vocalization. Moreover, these results indicate that, with contextual cues, the vocal control system may maintain multiple internal models that are capable of independent modification during different tasks or environments.

scholarly journals Internal models for interpreting neural population activity during sensorimotor control

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Golub ◽  
Byron M Yu ◽  
Steven M Chase
Keyword(s):  
Internal Model ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neural Population Activity

To successfully guide limb movements, the brain takes in sensory information about the limb, internally tracks the state of the limb, and produces appropriate motor commands. It is widely believed that this process uses an internal model, which describes our prior beliefs about how the limb responds to motor commands. Here, we leveraged a brain-machine interface (BMI) paradigm in rhesus monkeys and novel statistical analyses of neural population activity to gain insight into moment-by-moment internal model computations. We discovered that a mismatch between subjects’ internal models and the actual BMI explains roughly 65% of movement errors, as well as long-standing deficiencies in BMI speed control. We then used the internal models to characterize how the neural population activity changes during BMI learning. More broadly, this work provides an approach for interpreting neural population activity in the context of how prior beliefs guide the transformation of sensory input to motor output.

Internal Models and Contextual Cues: Encoding Serial Order and Direction of Movement

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 786-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie K. Wainscott ◽  
Opher Donchin ◽  
Reza Shadmehr
Keyword(s):  
Internal Model ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Direction Of Movement

During reaching, the brain may rely on internal models to transform desired sensory outcomes into motor commands. This transformation depends on both the state of the limb and the cues that can identify the context of the movement. How are contextual cues and information about state of the limb combined in the computations of internal models? We considered a reaching task where forces on the hand depended on both the direction of movement (state of the limb) and order of that movement in a predefined sequence (contextual cue). When the cue was available, the motor system formed an internal model that used both serial order and target direction to program motor commands. Assuming that the internal model was formed by a population code through a combination of unknown basis elements, the sensitivity of the bases with respect to state of the limb and contextual cue should dictate how error in one type of movement affected all other movement types. Using a state-space theory, we estimated this generalization function and identified the adaptive system from trial-by-trial changes in performance. The results implied that the basis elements were tuned to direction of movement but output of each basis at its preferred direction was multiplicatively modulated by a weak tuning with respect to the contextual cue. Activity fields that multiplicatively encode diverse sources of information may serve as a general mechanism for a single network to produce context-dependent motor output.

scholarly journals Learned Overweight Internal Model Can Be Activated to Maintain Equilibrium When Tactile Cues Are Uncertain: Evidence From Cortical and Behavioral Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Lhomond ◽  
Benjamin Juan ◽  
Theo Fornerone ◽  
Marion Cossin ◽  
Dany Paleressompoulle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Model ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Extra Weight ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Load Conditions

Human adaptive behavior in sensorimotor control is aimed to increase the confidence in feedforward mechanisms when sensory afferents are uncertain. It is thought that these feedforward mechanisms rely on predictions from internal models. We investigate whether the brain uses an internal model of physical laws (gravitational and inertial forces) to help estimate body equilibrium when tactile inputs from the foot sole are depressed by carrying extra weight. As direct experimental evidence for such a model is limited, we used Judoka athletes thought to have built up internal models of external loads (i.e., opponent weight management) as compared with Non-Athlete participants and Dancers (highly skilled in balance control). Using electroencephalography, we first (experiment 1) tested the hypothesis that the influence of tactile inputs was amplified by descending cortical efferent signals. We compared the amplitude of P1N1 somatosensory cortical potential evoked by electrical stimulation of the foot sole in participants standing still with their eyes closed. We showed smaller P1N1 amplitudes in the Load compared to No Load conditions in both Non-Athletes and Dancers. This decrease neural response to tactile stimulation was associated with greater postural oscillations. By contrast in the Judoka’s group, the neural early response to tactile stimulation was unregulated in the Load condition. This suggests that the brain can selectively increase the functional gain of sensory inputs, during challenging equilibrium tasks when tactile inputs were mechanically depressed by wearing a weighted vest. In Judokas, the activation of regions such as the right posterior inferior parietal cortex (PPC) as early as the P1N1 is likely the source of the neural responses being maintained similar in both Load and No Load conditions. An overweight internal model stored in the right PPC known to be involved in maintaining a coherent representation of one’s body in space can optimize predictive mechanisms in situations with high balance constraints (Experiment 2). This hypothesis has been confirmed by showing that postural reaction evoked by a translation of the support surface on which participants were standing wearing extra-weight was improved in Judokas.

scholarly journals Experience of After-Effect of Memory Update Reduces Sensitivity to Errors During Sensory-Motor Adaptation Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenya Tanamachi ◽  
Jun Izawa ◽  
Satoshi Yamamoto ◽  
Daisuke Ishii ◽  
Arito Yozu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Command ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Error Sensitivity ◽  
External Perturbations ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Error Perception ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adaptation Task

Motor learning is the process of updating motor commands in response to a trajectory error induced by a perturbation to the body or vision. The brain has a great capability to accelerate learning by increasing the sensitivity of the memory update to the perceived trajectory errors. Conventional theory suggests that the statistics of perturbations or the statistics of the experienced errors induced by the external perturbations determine the learning speeds. However, the potential effect of another type of error perception, a self-generated error as a result of motor command updates (i.e., an aftereffect), on the learning speeds has not been examined yet. In this study, we dissociated the two kinds of errors by controlling the perception of the aftereffect using a channel-force environment. One group experienced errors due to the aftereffect of the learning process, while the other did not. We found that the participants who perceived the aftereffect of the memory updates exhibited a significant decrease in error-sensitivity, whereas the participants who did not perceive the aftereffect did not show an increase or decrease in error-sensitivity. This suggests that the perception of the aftereffect of learning attenuated updating the motor commands from the perceived errors. Thus, both self-generated and externally induced errors may modulate learning speeds.

scholarly journals Rapid and Accumulated Modulation of Action-Effects on Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2333-2341
Author(s):  
Liyu Cao ◽  
Wilfried Kunde ◽  
Barbara Haendel
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Feedback Delay ◽  
Motor Mapping ◽  
On Line ◽  
Msec Delay ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Brain

Auditory feedback to a keypress is used in many devices to facilitate the motor output. The timing of auditory feedback is known to have an impact on the motor output, yet it is not known if a keypress action can be modulated on-line by an auditory feedback or how quick an auditory feedback can influence an ongoing keypress. Furthermore, it is not clear if the prediction of auditory feedback already changes the early phase of a keypress action independent of sensory feedback, which would suggest that such prediction changes the motor plan. In the current study, participants pressed a touch-sensitive device with auditory feedback in a self-paced manner. The auditory feedback was given either after a short (60 msec) or long (160 msec) delay, and the delay was either predictable or not. Our results showed that the keypress peak force was modulated by the amount of auditory feedback delay even when the delay was unpredictable, thus demonstrating an on-line modulation effect. The latency of the on-line modulation was suggested to be as low as 70 msec, indicating a very fast sensory to motor mapping circuit in the brain. When the auditory feedback delay was predictable, a change in the very early phase of keypress motor output was found, suggesting that the prediction of sensory feedback is crucial to motor control. Therefore, even a simple keypress action contains rich motor dynamics, which depend on expected as well as on-line perceived sensory feedback.

scholarly journals A unified internal model theory to resolve the paradox of active versus passive self-motion sensation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Laurens ◽  
Dora Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Internal Model ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Active Motion ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Sensory Prediction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Computational Processes ◽  
Passive Movements

AbstractBrainstem and cerebellar neurons implement an internal model to accurately estimate self-motion during externally-generated (‘passive’) movements. However, these neurons show reduced responses during self-generated (‘active’) movements, indicating that the brain computes the predicted sensory consequences of motor commands in order to cancel sensory signals. Remarkably, the computational processes underlying sensory prediction during active motion and their relationship to internal model computations established during passive movements remain unknown. Here we construct a Kalman filter that incorporates motor commands into a previously-established model of optimal passive self-motion estimation. We find that the simulated sensory error and feedback signals match experimentally measured neuronal response during active and passive head and trunk rotations and translations. We conclude that a single internal model of head motion can process motor commands and sensory afferent signals optimally, and we describe how previously identified neural responses in the brainstem and cerebellum may represent distinct nodes in these computations.

The human brain: Chairman’s introduction

1981 ◽  
Vol 292 (1057) ◽  
pp. 151-153
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
The Brain

Much has been said at the symposium about the pre-eminent role of the brain in the continuing emergence of man. Tobias has spoken of its explosive enlargement during the last 1 Ma, and how much of its enlargement in individual ontogeny is postnatal. We are born before our brains are fully grown and ‘wired up ’. During our long adolescence we build up internal models of the outside world and of the relations of parts of our bodies to it and to one another. Neurons that are present at birth spread their dendrites and project axons which acquire their myelin sheaths, and establish innumerable contacts with other neurons, over the years. New connections are formed; genetically endowed ones are stamped in or blanked off. People born without arms may grow up to use their toes in skills that are normally manual. Tobias, Darlington and others have stressed the enormous survival value of adaptive behaviour and the ‘positive feedback’ relation between biological and cultural evolution. The latter, the unique product of the unprecedentedly rapid biological evolution of big brains, advances on a time scale unknown to biological evolution.

scholarly journals The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Grush
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feedback Delay ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Effects Of Feedback ◽  
The Brain

The emulation theory of representation is developed and explored as a framework that can revealingly synthesize a wide variety of representational functions of the brain. The framework is based on constructs from control theory (forward models) and signal processing (Kalman filters). The idea is that in addition to simply engaging with the body and environment, the brain constructs neural circuits that act as models of the body and environment. During overt sensorimotor engagement, these models are driven by efference copies in parallel with the body and environment, in order to provide expectations of the sensory feedback, and to enhance and process sensory information. These models can also be run off-line in order to produce imagery, estimate outcomes of different actions, and evaluate and develop motor plans. The framework is initially developed within the context of motor control, where it has been shown that inner models running in parallel with the body can reduce the effects of feedback delay problems. The same mechanisms can account for motor imagery as the off-line driving of the emulator via efference copies. The framework is extended to account for visual imagery as the off-line driving of an emulator of the motor-visual loop. I also show how such systems can provide for amodal spatial imagery. Perception, including visual perception, results from such models being used to form expectations of, and to interpret, sensory input. I close by briefly outlining other cognitive functions that might also be synthesized within this framework, including reasoning, theory of mind phenomena, and language.

scholarly journals Consistency influences altered auditory feedback processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2371-2379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias K Franken ◽  
Daniel J Acheson ◽  
James M McQueen ◽  
Peter Hagoort ◽  
Frank Eisner
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Consistent Condition ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Speech Motor

Previous research on the effect of perturbed auditory feedback in speech production has focused on two types of responses. In the short term, speakers generate compensatory motor commands in response to unexpected perturbations. In the longer term, speakers adapt feedforward motor programmes in response to feedback perturbations, to avoid future errors. The current study investigated the relation between these two types of responses to altered auditory feedback. Specifically, it was hypothesised that consistency in previous feedback perturbations would influence whether speakers adapt their feedforward motor programmes. In an altered auditory feedback paradigm, formant perturbations were applied either across all trials (the consistent condition) or only to some trials, whereas the others remained unperturbed (the inconsistent condition). The results showed that speakers’ responses were affected by feedback consistency, with stronger speech changes in the consistent condition compared with the inconsistent condition. Current models of speech-motor control can explain this consistency effect. However, the data also suggest that compensation and adaptation are distinct processes, which are not in line with all current models.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document