Handedness: Dominant Arm Advantages in Control of Limb Dynamics

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 2408-2421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leia B. Bagesteiro ◽  
Robert L. Sainburg
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Hand Path ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Intersegmental Dynamics ◽  
Interaction Torques

Recent findings from our laboratory suggest that a major factor distinguishing dominant from nondominant arm performance is the ability by which the effects of intersegmental dynamics are controlled by the CNS. These studies indicated that the dominant arm reliably used more torque-efficient patterns for movements made with similar speeds and accuracy than nondominant arm movements. Whereas, nondominant hand-path curvatures systematically varied with the amplitude of the interaction torques transferred between the segments of the moving limb, dominant hand-path curvatures did not. However, our previous studies did not distinguish whether dominant arm coordination advantages emerged from more effective control of dynamic factors or were simply a secondary effect of planning different kinematics. The purpose of this study was to further investigate interlimb differences in coordination through analysis of inverse dynamics and electromyography recorded during the performance of reaching movements. By controlling the amplitude of intersegmental dynamics in the current study, we were able to assess whether systematic differences in torque-efficiency exist, even when differences in hand-path shape were minimal. Subject's arms were supported in the horizontal plane by a frictionless air-jet system and were constrained to movements about the shoulder and elbow joints. Two targets were designed, such that the interaction torques elicited at the elbow were either large or small. Our results showed that the former produced large differences in hand-path curvature, whereas the latter did not. Additionally, the movements with small differences in hand-path kinematics showed substantial differences in torque patterns and corresponding EMG profiles which implied a more torque-efficient strategy for the dominant arm. In view of these findings we propose that distinct neural control mechanisms are employed for dominant and nondominant arm movements.

Intersegmental Dynamics Are Controlled by Sequential Anticipatory, Error Correction, and Postural Mechanisms

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1045-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Sainburg ◽  
C. Ghez ◽  
D. Kalakanis
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Inertial Load ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Intersegmental Dynamics ◽  
Applied Forces

Intersegmental dynamics are controlled by sequential anticipatory, error correction, and positional control mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms underlying control of intersegmental dynamics during reaching movements. Two experiments were conducted to determine the relative contributions of anticipatory and somatosensory feedback mechanisms in controlling intersegmental dynamics and whether adaptation to novel intersegmental dynamics generalizes across a range of movement directions. The mechanisms used to control interaction torques were examined by altering the inertial load of the forearm. Movements were restricted to the shoulder and elbow and supported on a horizontal plane by a frictionless air-jet system. Subjects made rapid out-and-back movements over a target line presented on a computer screen. The screen cursor disappeared at movement onset, and hand paths were displayed after each movement. After subjects adapted to a novel inertial configuration, the position of an attached mass was changed on pseudorandom trials. During these “surprise” trials, movements were initiated with the torque patterns appropriate to the previously learned inertial condition. As a result, characteristic errors in initial movement direction were predicted by an open-looped forward simulation. After these errors occurred, feedback mediated changes in torque emerged that, surprisingly, further decreased the accuracy of movement reversals. Nevertheless at the end of movement, the hand consistently returned to the starting position. It is plausible that the final position was determined completely by feedback-mediated changes in torque. In a second experiment, adaptation to a novel inertial load during movements made in a single direction showed limited transfer across a range of directions. These findings support and extend those of previous reports, which indicated combined anticipatory and postural mechanisms to coordinate rapid reaching movements. The current results indicate a three-stage control system that sequentially links anticipatory, error correction, and postural mechanisms to control intersegmental dynamics. Our results, showing limited generalization across directions, are consistent with previous reports examining adaptation to externally applied forces and extend those findings to indicate that the nervous system uses sensory information to recalibrate internal representations of the musculoskeletal apparatus itself.

scholarly journals Corporate governance vs. crisis of company

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 275-277
Author(s):  
P. Moulis
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Common

There is a lot of available investigations in the area of company crisis reasons problems nowadays. These inquiries were summarised into the indicators of company crisis reasons. The development and level of these indicators is not possible to consider to be company crisis reasons but above all to be its manifestation. The veritable reason of crisis is the absence of effective control mechanisms in the company, especially of the “natural” control mechanisms. The natural control mechanism means such as rises from the substance of joint stock companies (respectively legal rules of joint stock company). There is a presumption of control activities interaction among the General Assembly, Supervisory Board and Board. Control mechanisms work on the common economic principles’ base in this sense and it means that the owner is considered to be the primary managing element and the management acts as the derivative managing element. The assumption of effective economic principles functioning is the existence of standard variable of these relations i. e. the existence of relevant interests.

Resituating cognitive mechanisms within heterarchical networks controlling physiology and behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 620-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Cognitive science has traditionally focused on mechanisms involved in high-level reasoning and problem-solving processes. Such mechanisms are often treated as autonomous from but controlling underlying physiological processes. I offer a different perspective on cognition which starts with the basic production mechanisms through which organisms construct and repair themselves and navigate their environments and then I develop a framework for conceptualizing how cognitive control mechanisms form a heterarchical network that regulates production mechanisms. Many of these control mechanisms perform cognitive tasks such as evaluating circumstances and making decisions. Cognitive control mechanisms are present in individual cells, but in metazoans, intracellular control is supplemented by a nervous system in which a multitude of neural control mechanisms are organized heterarchically. On this perspective, high-level cognitive mechanisms are not autonomous, but are elements in larger heterarchical networks. This has implications for future directions in cognitive science research.

Autonomic Neural Control Mechanisms and the Release of Adrenal Steroids after Hypoglycaemia in Man

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (S 1) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Frier ◽  
E. A. S. Al-Dujaili ◽  
R. J. M. Corrall ◽  
J. Pritchard ◽  
C. R. W. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Adrenal Steroids

scholarly journals Inertial Measurement Unit Based Upper Extremity Motion Characterization for Action Research Arm Test and Activities of Daily Living

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Seok Nam ◽  
Woo Hyung Lee ◽  
Han Gil Seo ◽  
Yoon Jae Kim ◽  
Moon Suk Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Extremity Motion

In practical rehabilitation robot development, it is imperative to pre-specify the critical workspace to prevent redundant structure. This study aimed to characterize the upper extremity motion during essential activities in daily living. An IMU-based wearable motion capture system was used to access arm movements. Ten healthy subjects performed the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and six pre-selected essential daily activities. The Euler angles of the major joints, and acceleration from wrist and hand sensors were acquired and analyzed. The size of the workspace for the ARAT was 0.53 (left-right) × 0.92 (front-back) × 0.89 (up-down) m for the dominant hand. For the daily activities, the workspace size was 0.71 × 0.70 × 0.86 m for the dominant hand, significantly larger than the non-dominant hand (p ≤ 0.011). The average range of motion (RoM) during ARAT was 109.15 ± 18.82° for elbow flexion/extension, 105.23 ± 5.38° for forearm supination/pronation, 91.99 ± 0.98° for shoulder internal/external rotation, and 82.90 ± 22.52° for wrist dorsiflexion/volarflexion, whereas the corresponding range for daily activities were 120.61 ± 23.64°, 128.09 ± 22.04°, 111.56 ± 31.88°, and 113.70 ± 18.26°. The shoulder joint was more abducted and extended during pinching compared to grasping posture (p < 0.001). Reaching from a grasping posture required approximately 70° elbow extension and 36° forearm supination from the initial position. The study results provide an important database for the workspace and RoM for essential arm movements.

scholarly journals Integration of auditory and somatosensory error signals in the neural control of speech movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqiang Feng ◽  
Vincent L. Gracco ◽  
Ludo Max
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Jaw Position

We investigated auditory and somatosensory feedback contributions to the neural control of speech. In task I, sensorimotor adaptation was studied by perturbing one of these sensory modalities or both modalities simultaneously. The first formant (F1) frequency in the auditory feedback was shifted up by a real-time processor and/or the extent of jaw opening was increased or decreased with a force field applied by a robotic device. All eight subjects lowered F1 to compensate for the up-shifted F1 in the feedback signal regardless of whether or not the jaw was perturbed. Adaptive changes in subjects' acoustic output resulted from adjustments in articulatory movements of the jaw or tongue. Adaptation in jaw opening extent in response to the mechanical perturbation occurred only when no auditory feedback perturbation was applied or when the direction of adaptation to the force was compatible with the direction of adaptation to a simultaneous acoustic perturbation. In tasks II and III, subjects' auditory and somatosensory precision and accuracy were estimated. Correlation analyses showed that the relationships 1) between F1 adaptation extent and auditory acuity for F1 and 2) between jaw position adaptation extent and somatosensory acuity for jaw position were weak and statistically not significant. Taken together, the combined findings from this work suggest that, in speech production, sensorimotor adaptation updates the underlying control mechanisms in such a way that the planning of vowel-related articulatory movements takes into account a complex integration of error signals from previous trials but likely with a dominant role for the auditory modality.

Modeling of Control Mechanisms Underlying Human Arm Movements

1994 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-440
Author(s):  
Y. Yang ◽  
A.G. Feldman ◽  
P. Pigeon ◽  
L’H Yahia
Keyword(s):  
Arm Movements ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Human Arm ◽  
Human Arm Movements

scholarly journals The Legality of Small Arms Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
Nicola Piccini
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Intended Purpose ◽  
Arms Trade

Officially, international control of small arms and light weapons (SALW) has made considerable advancements in recent years, most notably in the form of the 2014 Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). Nonetheless, important systemic and structural deficiencies seem to persist, which prevent these control mechanisms from achieving their intended purpose. In an attempt to find an explanation for these shortcomings, this article traces back previous attempts aimed at combatting the illicit proliferation of SALW, by emphasising both their unbowed demand and the trade’s continuous commercial viability. The example of Bulgarian-made AK-47 machineguns underlines the picture of a system intentionally failing to prevent the weapons’ profitable export. It concludes that following the rise of globalisation, the privatisation of SALW manufacturing industries appears to have become the biggest impediment to effective control. Subsequently, it is argued that most anti-proliferation treaties are deliberately limited to a priori insufficient trade restrictions, as they lack any pre-emptive measures that target these weapons’ mass production in the first place. Once produced, SALW will find a buyer – no matter the existence of trade restrictions.

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