Active tactile exploration influences the functional maturation of the somatosensory system

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2192-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Nicolelis ◽  
L. M. De Oliveira ◽  
R. C. Lin ◽  
J. K. Chapin
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Tactile Perception ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Functional Maturation ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus ◽  
Active Exploration

1. The hypothesis that active exploration of objects is required for the functional maturation of neuronal circuits subserving tactile perception was tested by subjecting 8- to 11-day old rats to a complete unilateral section of the facial nerve. This procedure selectively abolished whisker protraction movements without affecting the sensory innervation of the facial vibrissae, the tactile organs used by rats to discriminate object texture and shape. 2. Six to 14 mo after the facial nerve section, simultaneous recordings of neuronal ensembles located in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus revealed a marked reduction in receptive field (RF) size (in terms of number of whiskers), and the formation of abnormal RF surrounds, spanning the face and contiguous body regions. In addition, the directional organization of VPM RFs, represented by caudal to rostral shifts in RF centers over 30 ms following whisker stimulation, was greatly reduced in these animals. 3. These results suggest that neonatal active tactile exploration is required to establish normal spatiotemporal patterning of neuronal RFs within the somatosensory system, and consequently, to develop normal tactile perception.

Surgical Anatomy for Extended Facelift Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
Ozcan Cakmak ◽  
Ismet Emrah Emre
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Extended Techniques ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPreservation of the facial nerve is crucial in any type of facial procedure. This is even more important when performing plastic surgery on the face. An intricate knowledge of the course of the facial nerve is a requisite prior to performing facelifts, regardless of the technique used. The complex relationship of the ligaments and the facial nerve may put the nerve at an increased risk of damage, especially if its anatomy is not fully understood. There are several danger zones during dissection where the nerve is more likely to be injured. These include the areas where the nerve branches become more superficial in the dissection plane, and where they traverse between the retaining ligaments of the face. Addressing these ligaments is crucial, as they prevent the transmission of traction during facelifts. Without sufficient release, a satisfying pull on the soft tissues may be limited. Traditional superficial musculoaponeurotic system techniques such as plication or imbrication do not include surgical release of these attachments. Extended facelift techniques include additional dissection to release the retaining ligaments to obtain a more balanced and healthier look. However, these techniques are often the subject of much debate due to the extended dissection that carries a higher risk of nerve complications. In this article we aim to present the relationship of both the nerve and ligaments with an emphasis on the exact location of these structures, both in regard to one another and to their locations within the facial soft tissues, to perform extended techniques safely.

scholarly journals Responses of thalamic neurons to itch- and pain-producing stimuli in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 1119-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Lipshetz ◽  
Sergey G. Khasabov ◽  
Hai Truong ◽  
Theoden I. Netoff ◽  
Donald A. Simone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Column ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Anesthetized Rats ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus

Understanding of processing and transmission of information related to itch and pain in the thalamus is incomplete. In fact, no single unit studies of pruriceptive transmission in the thalamus have yet appeared. In urethane-anesthetized rats, we examined responses of 66 thalamic neurons to itch- and pain- inducing stimuli including chloroquine, serotonin, β-alanine, histamine, and capsaicin. Eighty percent of all cells were activated by intradermal injections of one or more pruritogens. Forty percent of tested neurons responded to injection of three, four, or even five agents. Almost half of the examined neurons had mechanically defined receptive fields that extended onto distant areas of the body. Pruriceptive neurons were located within what appeared to be a continuous cell column extending from the posterior triangular nucleus (PoT) caudally to the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) rostrally. All neurons tested within PoT were found to be pruriceptive. In addition, neurons in this nucleus responded at higher frequencies than did those in VPM, an indication that PoT might prove to be a particularly interesting region for additional studies of itch transmission. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Processing of information related to itch within in the thalamus is not well understood, We show in this, the first single-unit electrophysiological study of responses of thalamic neurons to pruritogens, that itch-responsive neurons are concentrated in two nuclei within the rat thalamus, the posterior triangular, and the ventral posterior medial nuclei.

scholarly journals Encoding of Stimulus Frequency and Sensor Motion in the Posterior Medial Thalamic Nucleus

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radi Masri ◽  
Tatiana Bezdudnaya ◽  
Jason C. Trageser ◽  
Asaf Keller
Keyword(s):  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Stimulation Frequency ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Anesthetized Rats ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
Parallel Streams ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus

In all sensory systems, information is processed along several parallel streams. In the vibrissa-to-barrel cortex system, these include the lemniscal system and the lesser-known paralemniscal system. The posterior medial nucleus (POm) is the thalamic structure associated with the latter pathway. Previous studies suggested that POm response latencies are positively correlated with stimulation frequency and negatively correlated with response duration, providing a basis for a phase locked loop-temporal decoding of stimulus frequency. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing response latencies of POm neurons, in both awake and anesthetized rats, to vibrissae deflections at frequencies between 0.3 and 11 Hz. We found no significant, systematic correlation between stimulation frequency and the latency or duration of POm responses. We obtained similar findings from recording in awake rats, in rats under different anesthetics, and in anesthetized rats in which the reticular activating system was stimulated. These findings suggest that stimulus frequency is not reliably reflected in response latency of POm neurons. We also tested the hypothesis that POm neurons respond preferentially to sensor motion, that is, they respond to whisking in air, without contacts. We recorded from awake, head-restrained rats while monitoring vibrissae movements. All POm neurons responded to passive whisker deflections, but none responded to noncontact whisking. Thus like their counterparts in the trigeminal ganglion, POm neurons may not reliably encode whisking kinematics. These observations suggest that POm neurons might not faithfully encode vibrissae inputs to provide reliable information on vibrissae movements or contacts.

scholarly journals Relationship of the Zygomatic Facial Nerve to the Retaining Ligaments of the Face

2012 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alghoul ◽  
Ozan Bitik ◽  
Jennifer McBride ◽  
James E. Zins
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
The Face ◽  
Relationship Of

scholarly journals COMPLETE MANAGEMENT OF ARDITA (BELL’S PALSY) AS PER AYURVEDA CHIKITSA SUTRA – A CASE REPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-656
Author(s):  
Ram Lakhan Meena ◽  
Santoshkumar Bhatted ◽  
Nilam Meena
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Bell’S Palsy ◽  
Bell's Palsy ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
The Face ◽  
Grading Scale

Bell’s palsy, also known as acute idiopathic lower motor neuron facial paralysis, is characterized by sud-den onset paralysis or weakness of the muscles to one side of the face controlled by the facial nerve. In contemporary science, administration of steroids is the treatment of choice for complete facial palsy. Cer-tain Panchakarma procedures and internal Ayurvedic medicines have been proved to be beneficial in the management of Ardita vata. The present report deals with a case of 62-year-old male patient diagnosed as Ardita vata was treated with various Panchakarma procedures like Nasya, Shirobasti, Kukkutanda Swedana, Dashmoola Ksheer Dhoom, Gandoosh and oral Ayurveda medicines. Criteria of assessment was based on the scoring of House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading scale. After completion of Ayurveda treatment, the patient Shown almost complete recovery without any adverse effects. This case is an evi-dence to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ayurveda treatment in case of Ardita vata (Bell’s palsy).

scholarly journals Integration of signals from different cortical areas in higher order thalamic neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2104137118
Author(s):  
Vandana Sampathkumar ◽  
Andrew Miller-Hansen ◽  
S. Murray Sherman ◽  
Narayanan Kasthuri
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus ◽  
Depth And Complexity ◽  
Genetic Labeling

Higher order thalamic neurons receive driving inputs from cortical layer 5 and project back to the cortex, reflecting a transthalamic route for corticocortical communication. To determine whether or not individual neurons integrate signals from different cortical populations, we combined electron microscopy “connectomics” in mice with genetic labeling to disambiguate layer 5 synapses from somatosensory and motor cortices to the higher order thalamic posterior medial nucleus. A significant convergence of these inputs was found on 19 of 33 reconstructed thalamic cells, and as a population, the layer 5 synapses were larger and located more proximally on dendrites than were unlabeled synapses. Thus, many or most of these thalamic neurons do not simply relay afferent information but instead integrate signals as disparate in this case as those emanating from sensory and motor cortices. These findings add further depth and complexity to the role of the higher order thalamus in overall cortical functioning.

scholarly journals Target-specific M1 inputs to infragranular S1 pyramidal neurons

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 1261-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda K. Kinnischtzke ◽  
Erika E. Fanselow ◽  
Daniel J. Simons
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus

The functional role of input from the primary motor cortex (M1) to primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is unclear; one key to understanding this pathway may lie in elucidating the cell-type specific microcircuits that connect S1 and M1. Recently, we discovered that a subset of pyramidal neurons in the infragranular layers of S1 receive especially strong input from M1 (Kinnischtzke AK, Simons DJ, Fanselow EE. Cereb Cortex 24: 2237–2248, 2014), suggesting that M1 may affect specific classes of pyramidal neurons differently. Here, using combined optogenetic and retrograde labeling approaches in the mouse, we examined the strengths of M1 inputs to five classes of infragranular S1 neurons categorized by their projections to particular cortical and subcortical targets. We found that the magnitude of M1 synaptic input to S1 pyramidal neurons varies greatly depending on the projection target of the postsynaptic neuron. Of the populations examined, M1-projecting corticocortical neurons in L6 received the strongest M1 inputs, whereas ventral posterior medial nucleus-projecting corticothalamic neurons, also located in L6, received the weakest. Each population also possessed distinct intrinsic properties. The results suggest that M1 differentially engages specific classes of S1 projection neurons, thereby regulating the motor-related influence S1 exerts over subcortical structures.

Primary cutaneous CD8 + cytotoxic T‐cell lymphoma of the face with intraoral involvement, presenting facial nerve palsy after chemotherapy

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphine Caxias Travassos ◽  
Heitor Albergoni Silveira ◽  
Evânio Vilela Silva ◽  
Beatriz Zamboni Martins Panucci ◽  
Nilson Coelho da Silva Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Facial Nerve Palsy ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
T Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
The Face

ASYMMETRIC CRYING FACIES: A CLINICAL ODDITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-8
Author(s):  
Dilesh Kohat ◽  
Vishwanath Patil ◽  
Kusum Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Facial Nerve Palsy ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Associated Anomalies ◽  
Benign Condition ◽  
Rare Congenital Disorder ◽  
The Face ◽  
Clinical Description

Background – Congenital hypoplasia of depressor angularis oris muscle (CHDAOM), which is often confused with unilateral facial nerve palsy, is a rare congenital disorder presenting with asymmetric crying facies in a newborn. Accurate diagnosis of this condition is imperative in order to ensure further screening to rule out associated anomalies and appropriate management. We report a late preterm male Clinical description – neonate who was noticed to have facial asymmetry selectively during episodes of crying. During quiet or sleeping state, the face was symmetrical. Clinical examination did not reveal any other facial abnormality or any evidence of facial nerve palsy. Associated anomalies were Management – ruled out by thorough evaluation. In view of isolated CHDAOM, parents were explained regarding benign course of the condition. The neonate was discharged after an uneventful hospital stay. This case report emphasizes the importance of a Conclusion – detailed clinical examination in the diagnosis of CHDOAM. CHDOAM, if occurring in isolation, is a benign condition and does not require any intervention. Parental counselling is the cornerstone of management. However, the diagnosis of CHDAOM should raise suspicion for other associated congenital anomalies and warrants a thorough evaluation.

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