scholarly journals Robust Sliding Mode Control for Tokamaks

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Garrido ◽  
A. J. Garrido ◽  
M. G. Sevillano ◽  
J. A. Romero

Nuclear fusion has arisen as an alternative energy to avoid carbon dioxide emissions, being the tokamak a promising nuclear fusion reactor that uses a magnetic field to confine plasma in the shape of a torus. However, different kinds of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities may affect tokamak plasma equilibrium, causing severe reduction of particle confinement and leading to plasma disruptions. In this sense, numerous efforts and resources have been devoted to seeking solutions for the different plasma control problems so as to avoid energy confinement time decrements in these devices. In particular, since the growth rate of the vertical instability increases with the internal inductance, lowering the internal inductance is a fundamental issue to address for the elongated plasmas employed within the advanced tokamaks currently under development. In this sense, this paper introduces a lumped parameter numerical model of the tokamak in order to design a novel robust sliding mode controller for the internal inductance using the transformer primary coil as actuator.

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1616
Author(s):  
Antonina Rita Limongi ◽  
Emanuele Viviano ◽  
Maria De Luca ◽  
Rosa Paola Radice ◽  
Giuliana Bianco ◽  
...  

The need to safeguard our planet by reducing carbon dioxide emissions has led to a significant development of research in the field of alternative energy sources. Hydrogen has proved to be the most promising molecule, as a fuel, due to its low environmental impact. Even if various methods already exist for producing hydrogen, most of them are not sustainable. Thus, research focuses on the biological sector, studying microalgae, and other microorganisms’ ability to produce this precious molecule in a natural way. In this review, we provide a description of the biochemical and molecular processes for the production of biohydrogen and give a general overview of one of the most interesting technologies in which hydrogen finds application for electricity production: fuel cells.


Author(s):  
Fernando Rueda ◽  
Didier Combescure ◽  
David Alonso ◽  
Luis Maqueda ◽  
Carlos Meléndez ◽  
...  

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Williams ◽  
Stanley Borowski ◽  
Leonard Dudzinski ◽  
Albert Juhasz

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 932-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi SHIINA ◽  
Yasuyuki YAGI ◽  
Hisaya SUGIMOTO ◽  
Hisao ASHIDA ◽  
Yoichi HIRANO ◽  
...  

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