scholarly journals MicroRNA Regulation of Brain Tumour Initiating Cells in Central Nervous System Tumours

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Garg ◽  
Thusyanth Vijayakumar ◽  
David Bakhshinyan ◽  
Chitra Venugopal ◽  
Sheila K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumour ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Poor Clinical Outcome ◽  
Microrna Regulation ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumours ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Cns Tumours ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

CNS tumours occur in both pediatric and adult patients and many of these tumours are associated with poor clinical outcome. Due to a paradigm shift in thinking for the last several years, these tumours are now considered to originate from a small population of stem-like cells within the bulk tumour tissue. These cells, termed as brain tumour initiating cells (BTICs), are perceived to be regulated by microRNAs at the posttranscriptional/translational levels. Proliferation, stemness, differentiation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis, and cell cycle constitute some of the significant processes modulated by microRNAs in cancer initiation and progression. Characterization and functional studies on oncogenic or tumour suppressive microRNAs are made possible because of developments in sequencing and microarray techniques. In the current review, we bring recent knowledge of the role of microRNAs in BTIC formation and therapy. Special attention is paid to two highly aggressive and well-characterized brain tumours: gliomas and medulloblastoma. As microRNA seems to be altered in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, “microRNA therapy” may now have potential to improve outcomes for brain tumour patients. In this rapidly evolving field, further understanding of miRNA biology and its contribution towards cancer can be mined for new therapeutic tools.

scholarly journals The Role of miRNAs as Therapeutic Tools in Sickle Cell Disease

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1106
Author(s):  
Cyril Cyrus
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Globin Gene ◽  
Erythroid Differentiation ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Abnormal Hemoglobin ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Targeted Medicine

Background and Objectives: Sickle cell disorder (SCD) is a paradigmatic example of a complex monogenic disorder. SCD is characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, primarily in the deoxygenated state, which makes erythrocytes susceptible to intracellular hemoglobin polymerization. Functional studies have affirmed that the dysregulation of miRNAs enhances clinical severity or has an ameliorating effect in SCD. miRNAs can be effectively regulated to reduce the pace of cell cycle progression, to reduce iron levels, to influence hemolysis and oxidative stress, and most importantly, to increase γ-globin gene expression and enhance the effectiveness of hydroxyurea. Results: This review highlights the roles played by some key miRNAs in hemoglobinopathies, especially in hematopoiesis, erythroid differentiation, and severity of anemia, which make miRNAs attractive molecular tools for innovative therapeutic approaches. Conclusion: In this era of targeted medicine, miRNAs mimics and antagomirs may be promising inducers of HbF synthesis which could ameliorate the clinical severity of SCD.

scholarly journals Long Noncoding RNAs in Digestive System Malignancies: A Novel Class of Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athina Kladi-Skandali ◽  
Kleita Michaelidou ◽  
Andreas Scorilas ◽  
Konstantinos Mavridis
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Broad Implication ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

High throughput methodologies have revealed the existence of an unexpectedly large number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The unconventional role of lncRNAs in gene expression regulation and their broad implication in oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways have introduced lncRNAs as novel biological tumor markers. The most prominent example of lncRNAs application in routine clinical practice is PCA3, a FDA-approved biomarker for prostate cancer. Regarding digestive system malignancies, the oncogenic HOTAIR is one of the most widely studied lncRNAs in the preclinical level and has already been identified as a potent prognostic marker for major malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings regarding the emerging role of lncRNAs not only as key regulators of cancer initiation and progression in colon, stomach, pancreatic, liver, and esophageal cancers, but also as reliable tumor markers and therapeutic tools. lncRNAs can be easily, rapidly, and cost-effectively determined in tissues, serum, and gastric juice, making them highly versatile analytes. Taking also into consideration the largely unmet clinical need for early diagnosis and more accurate prognostic/predictive markers for gastrointestinal cancer patients, we comment upon the perspectives of lncRNAs as efficient molecular tools that could aid in the clinical management.

scholarly journals Overexpression of S6 Kinase 1 in Brain Tumours Is Associated with Induction of Hypoxia-Responsive Genes and Predicts Patients' Survival

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba M.S. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumour ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Gene List ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
S6 Kinase ◽  
Microarray Database ◽  
Cns Tumours

mTOR/S6K pathway is a crucial regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Deregulated signalling via S6K has been linked to various human pathologies, including metabolic disorders and cancer. Many of the molecules signalling upstream of S6K have been shown to be either mutated or overexpressed in tumours, leading to S6K activation. The role of S6K1 in brain tumours is not fully investigated. In this study, we investigated the gene expression profile of S6 kinases in brain and CNS tumours using the publically available Cancer Microarray Database. We found that S6K1 but not S6K2 gene is overexpressed in brain tumours and this upregulation is associated with patients’ poor survival. Furthermore, we interrogated Oncomine database for the expression profile of hypoxia-induced genes using a literature-defined concept. This gene list included HIF1A, VEGFA, SOX4, SOX9, MMP2, and NEDD9. We show that those genes are upregulated in all brain tumour studies investigated. Additionally, we analysed the coexpression profile of S6K1 and hypoxia responsive genes. The analysis was done across 4 different brain studies and showed that S6K1 is co-overexpressed with several hypoxia responsive genes. This study highlights the possible role of S6K1 in brain tumour progression and prediction of patients’ survival. However, new epidemiological studies should be conducted in order to confirm these associations and to refine the role of S6K1 in brain tumours as a useful marker for patients’ survival.

Ionic homeostasis and subcellular element compartmentation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Ann LeFurgey ◽  
Peter Ingram ◽  
J.J. Blum ◽  
M.C. Carney ◽  
L.A. Hawkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Role Of Zn

Subcellular compartments commonly identified and analyzed by high resolution electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) include mitochondria, cytoplasm and endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. These organelles and cell regions are of primary importance in regulation of cell ionic homeostasis. Correlative structural-functional studies, based on the static probe method of EPXMA combined with biochemical and electrophysiological techniques, have focused on the role of these organelles, for example, in maintaining cell calcium homeostasis or in control of excitation-contraction coupling. New methods of real time quantitative x-ray imaging permit simultaneous examination of multiple cell compartments, especially those areas for which both membrane transport properties and element content are less well defined, e.g. nuclei including euchromatin and heterochromatin, lysosomes, mucous granules, storage vacuoles, microvilli. Investigations currently in progress have examined the role of Zn-containing polyphosphate vacuoles in the metabolism of Leishmania major, the distribution of Na, K, S and other elements during anoxia in kidney cell nuclel and lysosomes; the content and distribution of S and Ca in mucous granules of cystic fibrosis (CF) nasal epithelia; the uptake of cationic probes by mltochondria in cultured heart ceils; and the junctional sarcoplasmic retlculum (JSR) in frog skeletal muscle.

The role of microRNA regulation in the early inflammatory response: miR-146a and NF-κB signaling in lung inflammation

Pneumologie ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
X Lai ◽  
C Schulz ◽  
F Seifert ◽  
B Dolniak ◽  
O Wolkenhauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Microrna Regulation ◽  
Early Inflammatory Response

Autophagy Modulators and Neuroinflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Sang Cho ◽  
Jang Ho Lee ◽  
Jeiwon Cho ◽  
Guang-Ho Cha ◽  
Gyun Jee Song
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Therefore, various studies have focused on the development of neuroinflammation inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. Objective: The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. We focus on studies employing both mammalian cells and animal models to evaluate the ability of different autophagic modulators to regulate neuroinflammation. Methods: We have mostly reviewed recent studies reporting anti-neuroinflammatory properties of autophagy. We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. Results: Recent studies report neuroprotective as well as anti-neuroinflammatory effects of autophagic modulators. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of action of these drugs and their potential limitations as therapeutic agents against neurological disorders. Conclusion: Autophagy activators are promising compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.

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