Migration of Sn and Pb from Solder Ribbon onto Ag Fingers in Field-Aged Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

We investigated the migration of Sn and Pb onto the Ag fingers of crystalline Si solar cells in photovoltaic modules aged in field for 6 years. Layers of Sn and Pb were found on the Ag fingers down to the edge of the solar cells. This phenomenon is not observed in a standard acceleration test condition for PV modules. In contrast to the acceleration test conditions, field aging subjects the PV modules to solar irradiation and moisture condensation at the interface between the solar cells and the encapsulant. The solder ribbon releases Sn and Pb via repeated galvanic corrosion and the Sn and Pb precipitate on Ag fingers due to the light-induced plating under solar irradiation.

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Performance of Photovoltaic Modules of Different Solar Cells

Journal of Solar Energy ◽

10.1155/2013/734581 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ankita Gaur ◽

G. N. Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Minimum Cost ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Standard Test ◽

Photovoltaic Modules ◽

Test Conditions ◽

Pv Modules ◽

Electrical Energy Generation ◽

Made In

In this paper, an attempt of performance evaluation of semitransparent and opaque photovoltaic (PV) modules of different generation solar cells, having the maximum efficiencies reported in the literature at standard test conditions (STC), has been carried out particularly for the months of January and June. The outdoor performance is also evaluated for the commercially available semitransparent and opaque PV modules. Annual electrical energy, capitalized cost, annualized uniform cost (unacost), and cost per unit electrical energy for both types of solar modules, namely, semitransparent and opaque have also been computed along with their characteristics curves. Semitransparent PV modules have shown higher efficiencies compared to the opaque ones. Calculations show that for the PV modules made in laboratory, CdTe exhibits the maximum annual electrical energy generation resulting into minimum cost per unit electrical energy, whereas a-Si/nc-Si possesses the maximum annual electrical energy generation giving minimum cost per unit electrical energy when commercially available solar modules are concerned. CIGS has shown the lowest capitalized cost over all other PV technologies.

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An Improved Generalized Method for Evaluation of Parameters, Modeling, and Simulation of Photovoltaic Modules

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2017/2532109 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vandana Jha ◽

Uday Shankar Triar

Keyword(s):

Modeling And Simulation ◽

Standard Test ◽

Unknown Parameters ◽

Photovoltaic Modules ◽

Pv Module ◽

Test Conditions ◽

Pv Modules ◽

Evaluation Of Parameters ◽

Output Characteristics ◽

Matlab Programming

This paper proposes an improved generalized method for evaluation of parameters, modeling, and simulation of photovoltaic modules. A new concept “Level of Improvement” has been proposed for evaluating unknown parameters of the nonlinear I-V equation of the single-diode model of PV module at any environmental condition, taking the manufacturer-specified data at Standard Test Conditions as inputs. The main contribution of the new concept is the improvement in the accuracy of values of evaluated parameters up to various levels and is based on mathematical equations of PV modules. The proposed evaluating method is implemented by MATLAB programming and, for demonstration, by using the values of parameters of the I-V equation obtained from programming results, a PV module model is build with MATLAB. The parameters evaluated by the proposed technique are validated with the datasheet values of six different commercially available PV modules (thin film, monocrystalline, and polycrystalline) at Standard Test Conditions and Nominal Operating Cell Temperature Conditions. The module output characteristics generated by the proposed method are validated with experimental data of FS-270 PV module. The effects of variation of ideality factor and resistances on output characteristics are also studied. The superiority of the proposed technique is proved.

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Copper Light-induced Plating Contacts with Ni Seed-layer for mc-Si Solar Cells after Laser Ablation of SiNx:H

Energy Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.337 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 713-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alexandru Focsa ◽

Daniele Blanc ◽

Gilles Poulain ◽

Corina Barbos ◽

Michel Gauthier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Laser Ablation ◽

Seed Layer ◽

Si Solar Cells ◽

Light Induced Plating

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Broadband-sensitive Ni2+–Er3+ based upconverters for crystalline silicon solar cells

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c6ra10713c ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (60) ◽

pp. 55499-55506 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Hom N. Luitel ◽

Shintaro Mizuno ◽

Toshihiko Tani ◽

Yasuhiko Takeda

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Crystalline Silicon ◽

Solar Irradiation ◽

Silicon Solar Cells ◽

Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells ◽

Si Solar Cells ◽

Limiting Efficiency

The newly developed CaZrO3:Er3+,Ni2+ broadband-sensitive upconverter utilizes 1060–1600 nm solar irradiation and can surpass the limiting efficiency of c-Si solar cells.

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Annual energy losses due to partial shading in PV modules with cut wafer-based Si solar cells

Renewable Energy ◽

10.1016/j.renene.2020.12.059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 168 ◽

pp. 195-203

Author(s):

Kristijan Brecl ◽

Matevž Bokalič ◽

Marko Topič

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Energy Losses ◽

Partial Shading ◽

Si Solar Cells ◽

Pv Modules

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Analysis of the cooling of PV modules with water on their efficiency

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015405006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

pp. 05006

Author(s):

Wojciech Luboń ◽

Mirosław Janowski ◽

Grzegorz Pełka ◽

Paweł Reczek

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Water Film ◽

Maximum Power ◽

Cell Temperature ◽

Photovoltaic Modules ◽

Continuous Cooling ◽

Pv Module ◽

Pv Modules

The article presents the results of research on the efficiency of photovoltaic modules cooled by water. The purpose of the experiment was to improve the working conditions of the solar cells. Lowering the cell temperature increases the power generated by the device. The decrease in the temperature of the PV module was obtained by pouring water on the upper surface of the cells, as rain imitation or a water film. The power of the cooled and non-cooled devices were compared. The best results were achieved by cooling cells with a water film since there were no water splashes. The continuous cooling of cells surface causes a 20% increase of device's power. During the test, the non-cooled module reached the maximum power of 172 W, while the cooled one - 205 W. Cooling the module resulted in an increase in power by 33 W. In addition, the temperature of the cells dropped to almost 25°C. At this time, the temperature of the non-cooled module was 45°C. The presented solution may be an interesting proposition for small installations. The solution can also be an alternative for cleaning the modules due to the improvement in the power of the module after the test in terms of their power before.

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