scholarly journals Functional Overload Enhances Satellite Cell Properties in Skeletal Muscle

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Fujimaki ◽  
Masanao Machida ◽  
Tamami Wakabayashi ◽  
Makoto Asashima ◽  
Tohru Takemasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Proliferative Capacity ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Activated State

Skeletal muscle represents a plentiful and accessible source of adult stem cells. Skeletal-muscle-derived stem cells, termed satellite cells, play essential roles in postnatal growth, maintenance, repair, and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Although it is well known that the number of satellite cells increases following physical exercise, functional alterations in satellite cells such as proliferative capacity and differentiation efficiency following exercise and their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that functional overload, which is widely used to model resistance exercise, causes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and converts satellite cells from quiescent state to activated state. Our analysis showed that functional overload induces the expression of MyoD in satellite cells and enhances the proliferative capacity and differentiation potential of these cells. The changes in satellite cell properties coincided with the inactivation of Notch signaling and the activation of Wnt signaling and likely involve modulation by transcription factors of the Sox family. These results indicate the effects of resistance exercise on the regulation of satellite cells and provide insight into the molecular mechanism of satellite cell activation following physical exercise.

scholarly journals An Overview About the Biology of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Forcina ◽  
Carmen Miano ◽  
Laura Pelosi ◽  
Antonio Musarò
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Quiescent State

The peculiar ability of skeletal muscle tissue to operate adaptive changes during post-natal development and adulthood has been associated with the existence of adult somatic stem cells. Satellite cells, occupying an exclusive niche within the adult muscle tissue, are considered bona fide stem cells with both stem-like properties and myogenic activities. Indeed, satellite cells retain the capability to both maintain the quiescence in uninjured muscles and to be promptly activated in response to growth or regenerative signals, re-engaging the cell cycle. Activated cells can undergo myogenic differentiation or self-renewal moving back to the quiescent state. Satellite cells behavior and their fate decision are finely controlled by mechanisms involving both cell-autonomous and external stimuli. Alterations in these regulatory networks profoundly affect muscle homeostasis and the dynamic response to tissue damage, contributing to the decline of skeletal muscle that occurs under physio-pathologic conditions. Although the clear myogenic activity of satellite cells has been described and their pivotal role in muscle growth and regeneration has been reported, a comprehensive picture of inter-related mechanisms guiding muscle stem cell activity has still to be defined. Here, we reviewed the main regulatory networks determining satellite cell behavior. In particular, we focused on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlining satellite cell maintenance and commitment. Besides intrinsic regulations, we reported current evidences about the influence of environmental stimuli, derived from other cell populations within muscle tissue, on satellite cell biology.

scholarly journals Myogenic specification of side population cells in skeletal muscle

2002 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Asakura ◽  
Patrick Seale ◽  
Adele Girgis-Gabardo ◽  
Michael A. Rudnicki
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Essential Gene ◽  
Side Population ◽  
Stem Cell Marker ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

Skeletal muscle contains myogenic progenitors called satellite cells and muscle-derived stem cells that have been suggested to be pluripotent. We further investigated the differentiation potential of muscle-derived stem cells and satellite cells to elucidate relationships between these two populations of cells. FACS® analysis of muscle side population (SP) cells, a fraction of muscle-derived stem cells, revealed expression of hematopoietic stem cell marker Sca-1 but did not reveal expression of any satellite cell markers. Muscle SP cells were greatly enriched for cells competent to form hematopoietic colonies. Moreover, muscle SP cells with hematopoietic potential were CD45 positive. However, muscle SP cells did not differentiate into myocytes in vitro. By contrast, satellite cells gave rise to myocytes but did not express Sca-1 or CD45 and never formed hematopoietic colonies. Importantly, muscle SP cells exhibited the potential to give rise to both myocytes and satellite cells after intramuscular transplantation. In addition, muscle SP cells underwent myogenic specification after co-culture with myoblasts. Co-culture with myoblasts or forced expression of MyoD also induced muscle differentiation of muscle SP cells prepared from mice lacking Pax7 gene, an essential gene for satellite cell development. Therefore, these data document that satellite cells and muscle-derived stem cells represent distinct populations and demonstrate that muscle-derived stem cells have the potential to give rise to myogenic cells via a myocyte-mediated inductive interaction.

scholarly journals Chronic inflammation in skeletal muscle impairs satellite cells function during regeneration: can physical exercise restore the satellite cell niche?

FEBS Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (11) ◽  
pp. 1973-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Augusto Perandini ◽  
Patricia Chimin ◽  
Diego da Silva Lutkemeyer ◽  
Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Satellite Cell Niche ◽  
Cell Niche

scholarly journals Stem cells for skeletal muscle repair

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1575) ◽  
pp. 2297-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Shadrach ◽  
Amy J. Wagers
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Muscle Repair ◽  
Muscle Satellite Cells

Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized tissue composed of non-dividing, multi-nucleated muscle fibres that contract to generate force in a controlled and directed manner. Skeletal muscle is formed during embryogenesis from a subset of muscle precursor cells, which generate both differentiated muscle fibres and specialized muscle-forming stem cells known as satellite cells. Satellite cells remain associated with muscle fibres after birth and are responsible for muscle growth and repair throughout life. Failure in satellite cell function can lead to delayed, impaired or failed recovery after muscle injury, and such failures become increasingly prominent in cases of progressive muscle disease and in old age. Recent progress in the isolation of muscle satellite cells and elucidation of the cellular and molecular mediators controlling their activity indicate that these cells represent promising therapeutic targets. Such satellite cell-based therapies may involve either direct cell replacement or development of drugs that enhance endogenous muscle repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent breakthroughs in understanding both the cell intrinsic and extrinsic regulators that determine the formation and function of muscle satellite cells, as well as promising paths forward to realizing their full therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals Molecular Regulation and Rejuvenation of Muscle Stem (Satellite) Cell Aging

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Nurrani Mustika Dewi ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Muscle Stem Cell ◽  
Muscle Aging ◽  
Age Related

BACKGROUND: Age-related muscle loss leads to lack of muscle strength, resulting in reduced posture and mobility and an increased risk of falls, all of which contribute to a decrease in quality of life. Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process, which is not yet completely understood.CONTENT: Skeletal muscle undergoes a progressive age-related loss in mass and function. Preservation of muscle mass depends in part on satellite cells, the resident stem cells of skeletal muscle. Reduced satellite cell function may contribute to the age-associated decrease in muscle mass. Recent studies have delineated that the aging process in organ stem cells is largely caused by age-specific changes in the differentiated niches, and that regenerative outcomes often depend on the age of the niche, rather than on stem cell age. It is likely that epigenetic states will be better define such key satellite cell features as prolonged quiescence and lineage fidelity. It is also likely that DNA and histone modifications will underlie many of the changes in aged satellite cells that account for age-related declines in functionality and rejuvenation through exposure to the systemic environment.SUMMARY: Skeletal muscle aging results in a gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle function and regenerative capacity, which can lead to sarcopenia and increased mortality. Although the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia remain unclear, the skeletal muscle stem cell, or satellite cell, is required for muscle regeneration. Decreased muscle stem cell function in aging has long been shown to depend on altered environmental cues, whereas the contribution of intrinsic mechanisms remained less clear. Signals in the aged niche were shown to cause permanent defects in the ability of satellite cells to return to quiescence, ultimately also impairing the maintenance of self-renewing satellite cells. Therefore, only anti-aging strategies taking both factors, the stem cell niche and the stem cells per se, into consideration may ultimately be successful.KEYWORDS: satellite cell, muscle, aging, niche, regenerations

scholarly journals Assessing Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Campanario ◽  
Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo ◽  
Xiaotong Hong ◽  
Joan Isern ◽  
Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
Reporter Mice ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Resident Stem Cells ◽  
Autophagic Activity

The skeletal muscle tissue in the adult is relatively stable under normal conditions but retains a striking ability to regenerate by its resident stem cells (satellite cells). Satellite cells exist in a quiescent (G0) state; however, in response to an injury, they reenter the cell cycle and start proliferating to provide sufficient progeny to form new myofibers or undergo self-renewal and returning to quiescence. Maintenance of satellite cell quiescence and entry of satellite cells into the activation state requires autophagy, a fundamental degradative and recycling process that preserves cellular proteostasis. With aging, satellite cell regenerative capacity declines, correlating with loss of autophagy. Enhancing autophagy in aged satellite cells restores their regenerative functions, underscoring this proteostatic activity’s relevance for tissue regeneration. Here we describe two strategies for assessing autophagic activity in satellite cells from GFP-LC3 reporter mice, which allows direct autophagosome labeling, or from non-transgenic (wild-type) mice, where autophagosomes can be immunostained. Treatment of GFP-LC3 or WT satellite cells with compounds that interfere with autophagosome-lysosome fusion enables measurement of autophagic activity by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Thus, the methods presented permit a relatively rapid assessment of autophagy in stem cells from skeletal muscle in homeostasis and in different pathological scenarios such as regeneration, aging or disease.

scholarly journals Pro-myogenic small molecules revealed by a chemical screen on primary muscle stem cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Buchanan ◽  
Feodor D. Price ◽  
Alessandra Castiglioni ◽  
Amanda Wagner Gee ◽  
Joel Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Muscle Repair ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells

Abstract Satellite cells are the canonical muscle stem cells that regenerate damaged skeletal muscle. Loss of function of these cells has been linked to reduced muscle repair capacity and compromised muscle health in acute muscle injury and congenital neuromuscular diseases. To identify new pathways that can prevent loss of skeletal muscle function or enhance regenerative potential, we established an imaging-based screen capable of identifying small molecules that promote the expansion of freshly isolated satellite cells. We found several classes of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors that increased freshly isolated satellite cell numbers in vitro. Further exploration of one of these compounds, the RTK inhibitor CEP-701 (also known as lestaurtinib), revealed potent activity on mouse satellite cells both in vitro and in vivo. This expansion potential was not seen upon exposure of proliferating committed myoblasts or non-myogenic fibroblasts to CEP-701. When delivered subcutaneously to acutely injured animals, CEP-701 increased both the total number of satellite cells and the rate of muscle repair, as revealed by an increased cross-sectional area of regenerating fibers. Moreover, freshly isolated satellite cells expanded ex vivo in the presence of CEP-701 displayed enhanced muscle engraftment potential upon in vivo transplantation. We provide compelling evidence that certain RTKs, and in particular RET, regulate satellite cell expansion during muscle regeneration. This study demonstrates the power of small molecule screens of even rare adult stem cell populations for identifying stem cell-targeting compounds with therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals Adapted physical exercise enhances activation and differentiation potential of satellite cells in the skeletal muscle of old mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 228 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Cisterna ◽  
Marzia Giagnacovo ◽  
Manuela Costanzo ◽  
Patrizia Fattoretti ◽  
Carlo Zancanaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Old Mice

scholarly journals EXERCISE EFFECTS ON MUSCLE STEM CELLS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Mihaela Jurdana
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells that facilitate muscle repair and regeneration after “damage” which occurs after physiological stimuli: exercise, post-training micro-injuries and electrical stimulation. Exercise stimuli lead to activation and proliferation of these cells from their quiescent state, therefore, increasing cell numbers having the potential to provide additional myonuclei to their parent muscle fibre or return to a quiescent state. Different exercise modalities are the focus of numerous studies on satellite cells activation. An increase in muscle activity augments satellite cells proliferation as well as skeletal muscle mass and function, both in young and elderly.  This review provides an updated view of the contribution of skeletal muscle satellite cells in regulating skeletal muscle mass and the efficiency of the exercise intervention to attenuate the decline in muscle mass.

scholarly journals APitx2-MicroRNA Pathway Modulates Cell Proliferation in Myoblasts and Skeletal-Muscle Satellite Cells and Promotes Their Commitment to a Myogenic Cell Fate

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (17) ◽  
pp. 2892-2909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Lozano-Velasco ◽  
Daniel Vallejo ◽  
Francisco J. Esteban ◽  
Chris Doherty ◽  
Francisco Hernández-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Myogenic Cell ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Mirna Pathway ◽  
Microrna Pathway ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

The acquisition of a proliferating-cell status from a quiescent state as well as the shift between proliferation and differentiation are key developmental steps in skeletal-muscle stem cells (satellite cells) to provide proper muscle regeneration. However, how satellite cell proliferation is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we report that the c-isoform of the transcription factor Pitx2 increases cell proliferation in myoblasts by downregulating microRNA 15b (miR-15b), miR-23b, miR-106b, and miR-503. ThisPitx2c-microRNA (miRNA) pathway also regulates cell proliferation in early-activated satellite cells, enhancing Myf5+satellite cells and thereby promoting their commitment to a myogenic cell fate. This study reveals unknown functions of several miRNAs in myoblast and satellite cell behavior and thus may have future applications in regenerative medicine.

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