Prostate cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men, ranking second in cancer globally and first in Western countries. There are marked variations in incidence globally, and its incidence must be interpreted in the context of diagnostic intensity and screening. The uptake of prostate-specific antigen screening since the 1990s has led to dramatic increases in incidence in many countries, resulting in an increased proportion of indolent cancers that would never have come to light clinically in the absence of screening. Risk factors differ when studying prostate cancer overall versus advanced disease. Older age, African ancestry, and family history are established risk factors for prostate cancer. Obesity and smoking are not associated with risk overall, but are associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Several additional lifestyle factors, medications, and dietary factors are now emerging as risk factors for advanced disease.
Race, Genetic West African Ancestry, and Prostate Cancer Prediction by Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prospectively Screened High-Risk Men
