Risk Factors for IgA Nephropathy: A Case-Control Study with Incident Cases in Japan

BackgroundAssociations between occupational exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been suggested, but results are inconsistent. Case-control studies are best suited for inclusion of clinically confirmed incident cases, but prone to recall bias. Cohort studies are free from recall bias and may have pre-symptomatic blood stored, to inform about exposures (e.g. lead) well before disease onset.MethodsAn ongoing nation-wide ALS case-control study has been conducted in the Netherlands since 2006 (currently over 3000 cases and 4500 controls) to study risk factors and possible gene-environment interactions. Part of this study has been pooled with case-control studies from Ireland and Italy (Euro-MOTOR), where the same questionnaire was administered.ResultsWithin the Euro-MOTOR study, ∼1300 cases and ∼2600 controls had full job histories available. Occupational exposures to a range of agents were assessed using job-exposure matrices. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, centre, education, smoking and alcohol. We found significant associations between ALS and exposure to silica (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.28–2.33), extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01–1.33) and electric shocks (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05–1.43), independent of the other occupational exposures studied.Future perspectivesA nested ALS case-control study was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. 219 people who died from ALS have been identified, and pre-symptomatic blood samples from 168 of these cases are available for analyses. Three controls per case were selected by incidence density sampling matched by age at recruitment, sex and study centre. Metal concentrations will be analysed in the erythrocytes. This would be the first prospective study on the association between exposure to metals and ALS.ConclusionEach study design has its strengths and weaknesses, and ALS should be investigated in a range of (occupational) studies to gain better understanding of its aetiology.

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Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka: a case control study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7757-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Withanage Iresha udayangani Jayawickcrama ◽

Chrishantha Abeysena

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Endometrial Carcinoma ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Low Level ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background Endometrial carcinoma burden is on the rise globally. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Western province in Sri Lanka. Methods A case control study was conducted recruiting 83 incident cases of endometrial carcinoma and 332 unmatched hospital controls from all the secondary and tertiary care hospitals in the province using consecutive sampling technique. A case was defined as a postmenopausal woman who had been residing in the province for at least a period of 1 year, diagnosed to have endometrial carcinoma with histological confirmation within 3 months of the initiation of data collection of the study. Data were collected using validated interviewer administered questionnaire. Risk factor were identified through multiple logistic regression and results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The independent risk factors of endometrial carcinoma are having family history of any type of cancer among first degree relative (AOR = 12.6; 95% CI:5.14–30.9), generalized obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) (AOR = 11.85; 95% CI:5.12–27.4), never conceived (AOR = 3.84; 95% CI:1.37–10.7), age at menarche ≤11 years (AOR = 4.07; 95% CI:1.16–14.2), age > 55 years (AOR = 4.69; 95% CI:2.16–10.2), monthly family income of ≤20,000 Rupees (AOR = 2.65; 95% CI:1.31–5.39), sub-optimal consumption of deep fried food (AOR = 0.17; 95% CI:0.06–0.46), and low level household activities (AOR = 2.82; 95% CI:1.34–5.92). Conclusions There were eight independent risk factors of endometrial carcinoma specific for Sri Lankan postmenopausal women identified. Some modifiable risk factors such as generalized obesity, sub-optimal dietary practices and low level physical activities need to be addressed at primary prevention level.

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Risk factors for incident HIV infection in men having sex with men: a case-control study

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh06043 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Tim R. H. Read ◽

Jane Hocking ◽

Vikki Sinnott ◽

Margaret Hellard

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Hiv Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Test ◽

Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Control Study

Background: HIV notifications affecting men having sex with men (MSM) in Victoria, Australia have been increasing. This study aimed to determine current risk factors for HIV infection in this population. Methods: Case-control study. Cases were MSM infected within the previous year (incident cases) as indicated by a previous negative test or seroconversion illness. Controls were MSM with a negative HIV test at the same clinic. From May 2001 to May 2003, cases and controls were interviewed about sexual behaviour, drug and alcohol use and mental health and sexually transmissible infections (STI) in the year before their HIV diagnosis. Results: Twenty-six cases and 52 controls were recruited. Risk factors in the year before diagnosis of incident HIV infection included: receptive unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with ejaculation with casual partners (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval 57.2 [6.7, 489.4]); insertive UAI with ejaculation with >1 casual partners (OR 19.2 [2.2, 168.9]); having >14 casual partners at sex venues (OR 3.2 [1.1, 9.1]); and consuming >60 g alcohol at one sitting at least weekly (OR 3.6 [1.1, 11.4]). Cases were also more likely to have anal sex with >100 partners in their life and cases had more casual partners than controls in the year before the test. Cases were more likely to have consumed alcohol or amphetamines during a high-risk sexual episode in the year before the test. Conclusions: UAI remains the most important behavioural risk for HIV in Australian MSM. Risk is increased by larger numbers of partners, partners met at sex venues and sex under the influence of alcohol.

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Serum concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in a highly polluted area in Italy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30214/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Francesco Donato ◽

Marco Moneda ◽

Nazario Portolani ◽

Angelo Rossini ◽

Sarah Molfino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Polluted Area ◽

Sufficient Evidence ◽

Pcb Congeners ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are human carcinogens, based on sufficient evidence for melanoma and limited evidence for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and breast cancer. Few data are available for liver cancer, although PCBs cause it in rats and determined liver damage in poisoned people. We investigated the association between PCB serum levels and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a case-control study in a PCB-polluted area in North Italy.Methods: We enrolled prospectively 102 HCC incident cases and 102 age- and gender-matched hospital controls. Serum concentrations of 33 PCB congeners were determined by a gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometry.Results: Of the 102 HCC cases, 62 who had lost < 3 kg of body weight in past 3 years were included in the analysis (67.7% males, mean age 68 years). 69% of them (8% of controls) had one or more risk factors for HCC: past alcohol intake ≥60 g/day and/or HBV or HCV infection. The odds ratio (OR) for HCC for 3rd compared to 1st tertile of PCB distribution was 1.76 (95% confidence interval 0.62-5.03) for total PCB, adjusting for socio-demographic variables and risk factors for HCC by logistic regression. No differences were found restricting the analysis to HCC cases and controls with or without the main risk factors for HCC. For most PCB congeners, ORs > 1.5 or 2 were found, although the 95% CIs included the null value for almost all of them. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that PCBs might play a role in HCC development.Electronic word count for abstract: 252 words.

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