scholarly journals Body Site and Body Orientation Preferences during Social Grooming: A Comparison between Wild and Captive Chimpanzees and Bonobos

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Morgane Allanic ◽  
Misato Hayashi ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi ◽  
Tetsuro Matsuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Body Orientation ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Social Grooming ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Monkey Species ◽  
Site Preferences ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Species Specific

Grooming site preferences have been relatively well studied in monkey species in order to investigate the function of social grooming. They are not only influenced by the amount of ectoparasites, but also by different social variables such as the dominance rank between individuals or their levels of affiliation. However, studies on this topic mainly come from monkey species, with almost no report on great apes. This study aimed to explore whether body site and body orientation preferences during social grooming show species-specific differences (bonobos vs. chimpanzees) and environment-specific differences (captivity vs. wild). Results showed that bonobos groomed the head, the front and faced each other more often than chimpanzees, while chimpanzees groomed the back, anogenitals and more frequently in face-to-back positions. Moreover, captive individuals were found to groom facing one another more often than wild ones, whereas wild individuals groomed the back and in face-to-back positions more. While future studies should expand their scope to include more populations per condition, our preliminary 2 by 2 comparison study highlights the influence of (i) species-specific social differences such as social tolerance, social attention and facial communication, and (ii) socioenvironmental constraints such as risk of predation, spatial crowding and levels of hygiene, that might be the two important factors determining the grooming patterns in two <i>Pan</i>species.

scholarly journals Gendered differentials in climate change adaptation amongst the Shona ethnic group in Marondera Rural District, Zimbabwe: A social inclusions lens.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tendayi C. Garutsa ◽  
Chipo P. Mubaya ◽  
Leocadia Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Rural District ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Social Markers ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Climate Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Background: Various studies on climate change treat men and women as unitary categories with contrasting needs. There is a dearth of studies which use a social inclusions lens to understand the impacts of climate change on gender. Other social markers that give an in-depth insight of the social differences within and between genders to the impacts of climate change are consequently ignored. Methods: Utilizing a mixed methods approach, this study aimed to explore and investigate the gendered crops grown as a climate adaptation strategy to respond to perennial droughts, increased temperatures and unreliable rainfall patterns amongst the Shona in Marondera rural district. Results: The findings indicated that social differences between gender lines like age, household types, income, education and employment status amongst other social variables produce differentiated vulnerabilities and potential opportunities towards climate adaptation. Conclusions: The main position advanced in this article is that treating gender as the primary cause of vulnerability produces a narrow analysis making other social markers (age, types of households, income and ethnicity) analytically invisible. This paper recommends a holistic and comprehensive analysis to inform climate change programming and policy frameworks. This would in turn address and improve climate adaptation strategies within and between genders which are often obscured to address the needs of all vulnerable members of a given economy.

Do Female Chacma Baboons Compete for a Safe Spatial Position in a Southern Woodland Habitat?

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 475-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Ron ◽  
S. Peter Henzi ◽  
Uzi Motro
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Troop Fission ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Lower Ranking ◽  
Chacma Baboons ◽  
Feeding Bout

AbstractIn this study troop of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) at Mkuzi Game Reserve, Zululand, South-Africa, it is suggested that risk of predation and competition over safe spatial position had more importance and effect on female behaviour than did competition for food. Only 6.4% of all agonistic events were over food patches and no significant correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and proportion of time spent feeding, feeding bout length or diet composition. Parameters of reproductive success, such as inter-birth intervals and infant mortality were not correlated with female dominance rank. Female mortality, however, was related to dominance rank and all of the five females who disappeared during the study were low-ranking. Four of the five females disappeared after troop fission. There is circumstantial evidence supporting the suggestion that predation by leopards is the main cause of mortality of females at Mkuzi. High levels of female aggression were recorded, with almost no occurrences of support coalitions. Most of the aggression took place among similar ranking females, or was directed by the top ranking toward the lowest ranking females. Most of the female-to-female agonistic encounters were in a social context, and more than half were over a spatial position next to other adult troop members. Aggression among females increased after troop fission. It is suggested that the higher-ranking females may be better protected from predation, through access to more central spatial positions in the troop. Indeed, a positive correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and the time spent next to other adult troop members. It may be that avoiding food competition by keeping larger distances from others, while foraging, was translated in lower ranking females to a cost of higher predation risk.

scholarly journals Lizard community structure across a grassland – creosote bush ecotone in the Chihuahuan Desert

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 1829-1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean B Menke
Keyword(s):  
Chihuahuan Desert ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Larrea Tridentata ◽  
Desert Grassland ◽  
Creosote Bush ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Common Lizard ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Species Specific

I investigated the distribution and abundance of lizard species (Aspidoscelis inornatus, Aspidoscelis tesselatus, Aspidoscelis tigris, Aspidoscelis uniparens, Cophosaurus texanus, Crotaphytus collaris, Eumeces obsoletus, Gambelia wislizenii, Holbrookia maculata, Phrynosoma cornutum, Sceloporus magister, and Uta stansburiana) across a desert grassland – creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) ecotone in Dona Ana County, New Mexico. The ecotonal area in the Jornada del Muerto basin has increased dramatically in the past 150 years because of the rapid spread of creosote bush. I asked four related questions: how large and where is the ecotone based on vegetative structure, and do lizard abundance and diversity change across the ecotone? Vegetation data were analyzed using discriminate function analysis to determine the extent of the ecotone. Changes in lizard abundance across the ecotone were analyzed by analysis of variance. During two summers, 677 individual lizards of 9 genera and 12 species were captured. Lizard abundance increased with increasing distance from the ecotone and was similar in grassland and creosote bush habitat. Grasslands had higher species richness than both the creosote bush and ecotone habitats. Grassland sites had greater habitat heterogeneity than did creosote bush sites. No ecotone specialist species were detected, and all common lizard species could be found in each habitat. Three potential explanations for decreased abundance in the ecotone are presented: (1) increased risk of predation, (2) decreased prey abundance, and (3) lack of species-specific microhabitat requisites.

Ectoparasites of the whitespotted rabbitfish, Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) off the Kenyan Coast: distribution within the host population and site selection on the gills

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GEETS ◽  
H. COENE ◽  
F. OLLEVIER
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Site Preferences ◽  
Microhabitat Choice ◽  
Kenyan Coast ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Gill Parasites

Different populations of the whitespotted rabbitfish, Siganus sutor, were examined for ectoparasites: adults from the Mombasa area (sampled in December 1990) and different age classes (adult, subadult and juveniles) from Gazi Bay (sampled in December 1992 and August 1993). The most common gill parasites were: the monogeneans Pseudohaliotrema sp., Tetrancistrum sigani and Microcotyle mouwoi, the copepods Hatschekia sp., Pseudolepeophtheirus sp. and juvenile Caligidae, and prazina larvae of the isopod Gnathia sp. Adult siganids had a higher parasite load than subadults. Juvenile rabbitfish did not harbour any gill parasites. Temporal differences in the parasite load of subadult rabbitfish were observed for M. mouwoi (highest in the December samples) and for juvenile Caligidae (highest in August). The microhabitat of the 5 most common gill parasites was species specific. Most parasite species showed distinct site preferences with respect to both gill arches and gill sectors, within the gill arches. Niche breadth of the different gill parasite species was independent of the abundance of any of the other species present. However, niche breadths of M. mouwoi, Tetrancistrum sp. and Hatschekia sp. increased with their own abundance. This suggests that interspecific competition for space is low and that intraspecific factors could play an important role in the microhabitat choice of these gill parasites. The hypothesis that niche restriction leads to higher intraspecific contact and an enhancement of chances to mate was tested on 2 monogenean species, Pseudohaliotrema sp. and Tetrancistrum sigani. Their highly aggregated distribution over the gill filaments, leading to increased intraspecific contact, is consistent with the hypothesis.

scholarly journals Parasite and predator risk assessment: nuanced use of olfactory cues

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1817) ◽  
pp. 20151941 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Sharp ◽  
Sarah Garnick ◽  
Mark A. Elgar ◽  
Graeme Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Predator Risk ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Free Ranging

Foraging herbivores face twin threats of predation and parasite infection, but the risk of predation has received much more attention. We evaluated, experimentally, the role of olfactory cues in predator and parasite risk assessment on the foraging behaviour of a population of marked, free-ranging, red-necked wallabies ( Macropus rufogriseus ). The wallabies adjusted their behaviour according to these olfactory cues. They foraged less, were more vigilant and spent less time at feeders placed in the vicinity of faeces from dogs that had consumed wallaby or kangaroo meat compared with that of dogs feeding on sheep, rabbit or possum meat. Wallabies also showed a species-specific faecal aversion by consuming less food from feeders contaminated with wallaby faeces compared with sympatric kangaroo faeces, whose gastrointestinal parasite fauna differs from that of the wallabies. Combining both parasite and predation cues in a single field experiment revealed that these risks had an additive effect, rather than the wallabies compromising their response to one risk at the expense of the other.

scholarly journals Behavioural patterns of vocal greeting production in four primate species

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 182181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Fedurek ◽  
Christof Neumann ◽  
Yaëlle Bouquet ◽  
Stéphanie Mercier ◽  
Martina Magris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Dyadic Relationships ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Vocal Behaviour ◽  
Chlorocebus Pygerythrus ◽  
Species Specific

Social animals have evolved a range of signals to avoid aggressive and facilitate affiliative interactions. Vocal behaviour is especially important in this respect with many species, including various primates, producing acoustically distinct ‘greeting calls’ when two individuals approach each other. While the ultimate function of greeting calls has been explored in several species, little effort has been made to understand the mechanisms of this behaviour across species. The aim of this study was to explore how differences in individual features (individual dominance rank), dyadic relationships (dominance distance and social bond strength) and audience composition (presence of high-ranking or strongly bonded individuals in proximity), related to vocal greeting production during approaches between two individuals in the philopatric sex of four primate species: female olive baboons (Papio anubis), male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and female vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). We found that female vervet monkeys did not produce greeting calls, while in the other three species, low-ranking individuals were more likely to call than high-ranking ones. The effects of dyadic dominance relationships differed in species-specific ways, with calling being positively associated with the rank distance between two individuals in baboons and chimpanzees, but negatively in mangabeys. In none of the tested species did we find strong evidence for an effect of dyadic affiliative relationships or audience on call production. These results likely reflect deeper evolutionary layers of species-specific peculiarities in social style. We conclude that a comparative approach to investigate vocal behaviour has the potential to not only better understand the mechanisms mediating social signal production but also to shed light on their evolutionary trajectories.

scholarly journals The spatial distribution of African savannah herbivores: species associations and habitat occupancy in a landscape context

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1703) ◽  
pp. 20150314 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Michael Anderson ◽  
Staci White ◽  
Bryant Davis ◽  
Rob Erhardt ◽  
Meredith Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Serengeti Ecosystem ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Habitat Occupancy ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Migratory Strategy ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function

Herbivores play an important role in determining the structure and function of tropical savannahs. Here, we (i) outline a framework for how interactions among large mammalian herbivores, carnivores and environmental variation influence herbivore habitat occupancy in tropical savannahs. We then (ii) use a Bayesian hierarchical model to analyse camera trap data to quantify spatial patterns of habitat occupancy for lions and eight common ungulates of varying body size across an approximately 1100 km 2 landscape in the Serengeti ecosystem. Our results reveal strong positive associations among herbivores at the scale of the entire landscape. Lions were positively associated with migratory ungulates but negatively associated with residents. Herbivore habitat occupancy differed with body size and migratory strategy: large-bodied migrants, at less risk of predation and able to tolerate lower quality food, were associated with high NDVI, while smaller residents, constrained to higher quality forage, avoided these areas. Small herbivores were strongly associated with fires, likely due to the subsequent high-quality regrowth, while larger herbivores avoided burned areas. Body mass was strongly related to herbivore habitat use, with larger species more strongly associated with riverine and woodlands than smaller species. Large-bodied migrants displayed diffuse habitat occupancy, whereas smaller species demonstrated fine-scale occupancy reflecting use of smaller patches of high-quality habitat. Our results demonstrate the emergence of strong positive spatial associations among a diverse group of savannah herbivores, while highlighting species-specific habitat selection strongly determined by herbivore body size. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.

scholarly journals Head and body orientation of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia during incubation: effect of wind, apex predators and power lines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Zbyryt ◽  
Łukasz Jankowiak ◽  
Leszek Jerzak ◽  
Piotr Tryjanowski
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Body Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Orientation ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
White Stork ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Ciconia Ciconia ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Incubation Behaviour

AbstractIncubation behaviour is essential for understanding the reproductive success in birds. For example, the orientation of the bird is important for reducing incubation costs associated with wind or sun, but on the other hand can be modified by the perceived risk of predation. We studied the body position of incubating White Stork Ciconia ciconia in eastern Poland using a small unmanned aerial vehicle (drone). The head and body orientation of the incubating storks was non-random and modified by natural factors, mainly wind direction and speed, but also by the presence of an apex predator, the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla. However, head orientation during incubation in nests located on electricity poles was also modified by the presence of the power lines, probably due to disturbance in the magnetic field detected by birds. Surprisingly, although the positioning of incubating birds (mainly females) is very important for the detection of predators and for reducing energy costs, these have not previously been studied. New technologies, such as drones, make it possible to collect new, extensive information on the incubation behaviour of birds.

scholarly journals Interspecific variation of antennal lobe composition among four hornet species

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Couto ◽  
Gérard Arnold ◽  
Hiroyuki Ai ◽  
Jean-Christophe Sandoz
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Antennal Lobe ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Insect Brain ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Vespa Crabro ◽  
Site Preferences ◽  
Adaptive Shifts ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractOlfaction is a crucial sensory modality underlying foraging, social and mating behaviors in many insects. Since the olfactory system is at the interface between the animal and its environment, it receives strong evolutionary pressures that promote neuronal adaptations and phenotypic variations across species. Hornets are large eusocial predatory wasps with a highly developed olfactory system, critical for foraging and intra-specific communication. In their natural range, hornet species display contrasting ecologies and olfactory-based behaviors, which might match to adaptive shifts in their olfactory system. The first olfactory processing center of the insect brain, the antennal lobe, is made of morphological and functional units called glomeruli. Using fluorescent staining, confocal microscopy and 3D reconstructions, we compared antennal lobe structure, glomerular numbers and volumes in four hornet species (Vespa crabro, Vespa velutina, Vespa mandarinia and Vespa orientalis) with marked differences in nesting site preferences and predatory behaviors. Despite a conserved organization of their antennal lobe compartments, glomeruli numbers varied strongly between species, including in a subsystem thought to process intraspecific cuticular signals. Moreover, specific adaptations involving enlarged glomeruli appeared in two species, V. crabro and V. mandarinia, but not in the others. We discuss the possible function of these adaptations based on species-specific behavioral differences.

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