social variables
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2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Alexander Kovacevic ◽  
Annette Wacker-Gussmann ◽  
Stefan Bär ◽  
Michael Elsässer ◽  
Aida Mohammadi Motlagh ◽  
...  

After diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) in the fetus, effective counseling is considered mandatory. We sought to investigate which factors, including parental social variables, significantly affect counseling outcome. A total of n = 226 parents were recruited prospectively from four national tertiary medical care centers. A validated questionnaire was used to measure counseling success and the effects of modifiers. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the data. Parental perception of interpersonal support by the physician (β = 0.616 ***, p = 0.000), counseling in easy-to-understand terms (β = 0.249 ***, p = 0.000), and a short period of time between suspicion of fetal CHD, seeing a specialist and subsequent counseling (β = 0.135 **, p = 0.006) significantly improve “overall counseling success”. Additional modifiers (e.g., parental native language and age) influence certain subdimensions of counseling such as “trust in medical staff” (language effect: β = 0.131 *, p = 0.011) or “perceived situational control” (age effect: β = 0.166 *, p = 0.010). This study identifies independent factors that significantly affect counseling outcome overall and its subdimensions. In combination with existing recommendations our findings may contribute to more effective parental counseling. We further conclude that implementing communication skills training for specialists should be considered essential.


Author(s):  
Victoriya Yu. Trubnikova

The article discusses the issue of pragmatic meanings of diminutive forms in the Russian language from the point of view of politeness and speech act theories. The impact of diminutives on the illocutionary force and perlocutionary effects of speech acts raises the question of their appropriateness in various communicative situations. Since there is a negative bias towards diminutives among lay native speakers, it was decided to analyse their opinions, beliefs and feelings in order to define 1) the speakers illocutionary intentions; 2) contexts of use and 3) perlocutionary effects. The online articles, forums, posts on social networks and comments of Internet users were collected, with a total amount of 23 sources and 714 user comments. The emic and bottom-up approach referred to speakers intuition reveal 1) negative attitude towards diminutives in hierarchical relationships, 2) perception of diminutives as a positive politeness tool in low distance relationships, 3) perception of diminutives as a manipulative tool in unequal relationships. Thus, the appropriate use of diminutives calls for pragmatic skills to assess a communicative situation in terms of social variables, such as social distance and power, mutual costs and benefits, rights and obligations of interlocutors.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zawisza ◽  
Barbara Woźniak ◽  
Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk ◽  
Aleksander Galas ◽  
Iago Giné-Vázquez ◽  
...  

Abstract The present article aims to highlight methodological aspects related to understanding and conceptualising social capital for the purposes of population research as well as describing the key challenges in the harmonisation process of indicators of social capital. The study was conducted in the frame of the Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) project. After a review of social capital theories developed in social science and a subsequent review of the documentation of 18 international cohorts, decision trees of the harmonisation of social variables were developed. The known-group validity was verified. The results focused on generalised trust, civic engagement and social participation are presented. The summary of the availability of any indicators of these concepts is classified in seven domains (generalised trust, political participation, religious participation, senior-specific participation, participation in sport groups, participation in volunteer/charity group activities, any participation) across surveys. The results of the analysis for known-group validity support the construct validity of the harmonised variables.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e593
Author(s):  
Mariela A. Porras-Chaverri ◽  
Raquel Pocasangre-Fonseca

This work presents preliminary research into determining value judgments of socioeconomic class and educational level of speakers based on the allophones of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ and trill /r/ in found in Costa Rican Spanish speech. The population of speakers is male and female professionals living in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) [23-46 years]. Data was collected through written questionnaires and recordings. Speakers were asked about their linguistic attitude to their own variant. Speakers were also asked if they had had any negative experiences regarding their individual speech. Each speaker was also asked to evaluate the variant in a series of guises read by another speaker in the study population. All speakers performed the tap as vibrant in most positions; vibrant and retroflex realizations of the tap were observed before nasal. Vibrant, fricative, and retroflex variants were observed as allophones of the trill. Most speakers maintained a single variant for the alveolar tap and trill, although the variants used differed among the individual speakers. All speakers showed allophonic realizations to the alveolar tap and alveolar trills consistent with those found in Costa Rican middle or upper class. It was not possible to determine if the perception of a lower educational level could be related to a perception of the voice as that of a younger person. The main limitation of this study is that the sample of speakers is small, and that the speakers belong to similar socioeconomic backgrounds.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Tindle ◽  
Eid G. Abo Hamza ◽  
Ahmed A. Helal ◽  
ALaa Eldin A. Ayoub ◽  
Ahmed Moustafa

Understanding the psychosocial factors that positively and negatively impact on academic performance are important to help students succeed and persist within higher education. In this article, we conducted a systematic review to clarify and identify the psychosocial factors affecting university students’ academic performance. The initial search returned 1657 articles and 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. Inspection of the articles were conducted to identify the relationship between psychological and social variables on academic performance. We found that psychosocial factors were significantly related to university students’ academic performance. Specifically, academic performance was often correlated with social support, motivation, stress, satisfaction, self-efficacy, anxiety and depression, prior academic achievement, study effort, adjustment, family, and emotions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Hanne Surkyn ◽  
Reinhild Vandekerckhove ◽  
Dominiek Sandra

Abstract The present study examines unintentional spelling errors on past participles produced by Flemish teenagers in private online writing. Previous psycholinguistic research on verb spelling errors in Dutch mainly focused on identical homophones (Bosman 2005; Frisson & Sandra 2002; Sandra et al. 1999). The present study, however, deals with past participles that are only partially homophonous with other forms in the inflectional paradigm and investigates whether the spelling of these verbs is affected by whole-word frequency, paradigmatic and bigram support for the correct spelling and the token frequency of the past participles’ morphological family. The error rates reflect the effect of both paradigmatic and bigram support. Moreover, the unique database makes it possible to analyze the impact of three social factors (Gender, Educational track and Age). Our results reveal an effect on the error rates of all social variables. Finally, these social factors do not interact with paradigmatic and bigram support.


Author(s):  
Rene Orth ◽  
Sungmin O ◽  
Jakob Zscheischler ◽  
Miguel D. Mahecha ◽  
Markus Reichstein

Abstract Extreme hydrological and meteorological conditions can severely affect ecosystems, parts of the economy, and consequently society. These impacts are expected to be aggravated by climate change. Here we analyze and compare the impacts of multiple types of extreme events across several domains in Europe, to reveal corresponding impact signatures. We characterize the distinct impacts of droughts, floods, heat waves, frosts and storms on a variety of biophysical and social variables at national level and half-monthly time scale. We find strong biophysical impacts of droughts, floods, heat waves and frosts, while public attention and property damage are more affected by storms and floods. We show unexpected impact patterns such as reduced human mortality during floods and storms. Comparing public attention anomalies with impacts across all other considered domains we find that attention on droughts is comparatively low despite the significant overall impacts. Resolving these impact patterns highlights large-scale vulnerability and supports regional extreme event management to consequently reduce disaster risks.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Xinyue Cao

<p>There is well-documented research on tourism motivation in tourism literature. But till now, there is limited research of tourist motivation on Chinese youth travel group, who is so-called the Chinese post-90s generation. They are unique compared to other generations in China and has gradually been a group that received great public attention. Their thoughts and behaviours are bearing the brand of the Chinese era and also showing the characteristics of the modern Chinese generation. Therefore, this study based on the Chinese social background investigates Chinese youth tourists’ motivation for travelling abroad, focusing on the Chinese post-90s generation. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among Chinese post-90s generation who came from major cities in China and had at least one or more overseas experiences. The research finds that the important motivational factors influencing the Chinese post-90s generation’s overseas travel include: self-development and relationship; novelty; escape and relaxation. Besides, this research finds that social variables which reflect China’s social changes have significant impacts on the Chinese youth tourists’ overseas travel motivation. These findings not only complement the deficiencies of the existing research on the tourist motivation of Chinese travellers but also provide important reference about Chinese youth tourism for tourism marketers and stakeholders who will deal with this potential tourism market.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Xinyue Cao

<p>There is well-documented research on tourism motivation in tourism literature. But till now, there is limited research of tourist motivation on Chinese youth travel group, who is so-called the Chinese post-90s generation. They are unique compared to other generations in China and has gradually been a group that received great public attention. Their thoughts and behaviours are bearing the brand of the Chinese era and also showing the characteristics of the modern Chinese generation. Therefore, this study based on the Chinese social background investigates Chinese youth tourists’ motivation for travelling abroad, focusing on the Chinese post-90s generation. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among Chinese post-90s generation who came from major cities in China and had at least one or more overseas experiences. The research finds that the important motivational factors influencing the Chinese post-90s generation’s overseas travel include: self-development and relationship; novelty; escape and relaxation. Besides, this research finds that social variables which reflect China’s social changes have significant impacts on the Chinese youth tourists’ overseas travel motivation. These findings not only complement the deficiencies of the existing research on the tourist motivation of Chinese travellers but also provide important reference about Chinese youth tourism for tourism marketers and stakeholders who will deal with this potential tourism market.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie F. Pilkington ◽  
Hussam Mahmoud

In a companion article, previously published in Royal Society Open Science , the authors used graph theory to evaluate artificial neural network models for potential social and building variables interactions contributing to building wind damage. The results promisingly highlighted the importance of social variables in modelling damage as opposed to the traditional approach of solely considering the physical characteristics of a building. Within this update article, the same methods are used to evaluate two different artificial neural networks for modelling building repair and/or rebuild (recovery) time. By contrast to the damage models, the recovery models (RMs) consider (A) primarily social variables and then (B) introduce structural variables. These two models are then evaluated using centrality and shortest path concepts of graph theory as well as validated against data from the 2011 Joplin tornado. The results of this analysis do not show the same distinctions as were found in the analysis of the damage models from the companion article. The overarching lack of discernible and consistent differences in the RMs suggests that social variables that drive damage are not necessarily contributors to recovery. The differences also serve to reinforce that machine learning methods are best used when the contributing variables are already well understood.


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