Usefulness of Fractal Analysis of Kirsch Edge Images for the Tissue Fragment Inner Structure in Breast FNAB

Objective: Recent advances in high-precision mammography and ultrasound screening have led to an increase in the detection of early lesions (ductal carcinoma in situ and small cancers) appearing as microcalcified lesions or microcystic images, and there needs to be an improvement in the accuracy of breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) assessing these lesions. The objective of this study was to investigate whether fractal analysis of Kirsch edge images for the tissue fragment inner structure (FKT) is useful in breast FNAB. FKT measures tissue fragment chromasia of hyperchromatic crowded tissue fragments (HCG), tissue fragment shape unevenness, and tissue fragment inner structure complexity. Study Design Materials: Nineteen epithelial tissue fragments of fibroadenoma (FA) from 7 patients and 52 tissue fragments of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST) (grade 1–2) from 11 patients were assessed. First, tissue fragments were classified into small (smaller than 60 × 102 μm2), medium, and large (100 × 102 μm2 or larger), and the appearance rate of each size was determined. Second, for FKT, the luminance value of tissue fragment chromasia, the unevenness and fractal value, and the tissue fragment inner structure complexity were determined. In statistical analysis, the Steel-Dwass test, nonlinear discriminant analysis, and receiver operating characteristic analysis were performed, setting the significance level at p < 0.05. Results: “Unevenness of the tissue fragment shape,” “fractal value of the tissue fragment shape,” and “fractal value of the tissue fragment inner structure” were significantly higher in small and large tissue fragments in IBC-NST compared with those in FA. The specificity and sensitivity were the highest (100%) in small tissue fragments in multivariate analysis using 4 variables (“luminance value of tissue fragment chromasia,” “unevenness of tissue fragment shape,” “fractal value of the tissue fragment shape,” and “fractal value of the tissue fragment inner structure”). Conclusion: FKT, which evaluates “tissue fragment darkness,” “tissue fragment shape unevenness,” and “tissue fragment inner structure complexity” focusing on small tissue fragments of HCG in breast FNAB, is useful as a system that assists cytopathological assessment of breast FNAB.

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A Prospective Study of Automated Breast Ultrasound Screening of Women with Dense Breasts in a Digital Breast Tomosynthesis-based Practice

Journal of Breast Imaging ◽

10.1093/jbi/wbaa006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 125-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Denise M Chough ◽

Wendie A Berg ◽

Andriy I Bandos ◽

Grace Y Rathfon ◽

Christiane M Hakim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis ◽

Recall Rate ◽

Breast Ultrasound ◽

Ultrasound Screening ◽

Breast Tomosynthesis ◽

Double Reading ◽

Significance Level ◽

Dense Breast Tissue ◽

Dense Breasts ◽

Automated Breast Ultrasound

Abstract Objective To assess prospectively the interpretative performance of automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) as a supplemental screening after digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) or as a standalone screening of women with dense breast tissue. Methods Under an IRB-approved protocol (written consent required), women with dense breasts prospectively underwent concurrent baseline DBT and ABUS screening. Examinations were independently evaluated, in opposite order, by two of seven Mammography Quality Standards Act–qualified radiologists, with the primary radiologist arbitrating disagreements and making clinical management recommendations. We report results for 1111 screening examinations (598 first year and 513 second year) for which all diagnostic workups are complete. Imaging was also retrospectively reviewed for all cancers. Statistical assessments used a 0.05 significance level and accounted for correlation between participants’ examinations. Results Of 1111 women screened, primary radiologists initially “recalled” based on DBT alone (6.6%, 73/1111, CI: 5.2%–8.2%), of which 20 were biopsied, yielding 6/8 total cancers. Automated breast ultrasound increased recalls overall to 14.4% (160/1111, CI: 12.4%–16.6%), with 27 total biopsies, yielding 1 additional cancer. Double reading of DBT alone increased the recall rate to 10.7% (119/1111), with 21 biopsies, with no improvement in cancer detection. Double reading ABUS increased the recall rate to 15.2% (169/1111, CI: 13.2%–17.5%) of women, of whom 22 were biopsied, yielding the detection of 7 cancers, including one seen only on double reading ABUS. Inter-radiologist agreement was similar for recall recommendations from DBT (κ = 0.24, CI: 0.14–0.34) and ABUS (κ = 0.23, CI: 0.15–0.32). Integrated assessments from both readers resulted in a recall rate of 15.1% (168/1111, CI: 13.1%–17.4%). Conclusion Supplemental or standalone ABUS screening detected cancers not seen on DBT, but substantially increased noncancer recall rates.

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Detection of Provasopressin in Invasive and Non-invasive (DCIS) Human Breast Cancer Using a Monoclonal Antibody Directed against the C-terminus (MAG1)

Breast Cancer Basic and Clinical Research ◽

10.1177/117822341000400002 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 117822341000400

Author(s):

Brendan P. Keegan ◽

Vincent A. Memoli ◽

Wendy A. Wells ◽

William G. North

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Invasive Breast Cancer ◽

Ductal Carcinoma ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Epithelial Tissue ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Tumor Type ◽

Non Invasive

The provasopressin protein (proAVP) is expressed by invasive breast cancer and non-invasive breast cancer, or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Here we demonstrate the ability of the monoclonal antibody MAG1 directed against the C-terminal end of proAVP to identify proAVP in all cases examined of human invasive cancer and DCIS (35 and 26, respectively). Tissues were chosen to represent a relevant variation in tumor type, grade, patient age, and menopausal status. By comparison, there was 65% positive staining for estrogen receptor, 61% for progesterone receptor, 67% for nuclear p53, and 39% for c-Erb-B2 with the invasive breast cancer sections. Reaction with the normal tissue types examined (67) was restricted to the vasopressinergic magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus, where provasopressin is normally produced, and the posterior pituitary, where these neurons terminate. The breast epithelial tissue sections on the tissue microarray did not react with MAG1. Previously, we demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies to proAVP detected that protein in all breast cancer samples examined, but there was no reaction with breast tissue containing fibrocystic disease. The results presented here not only expand upon those earlier results, but they also demonstrate the specificity and effectiveness of what may be considered a more clinically-relevant agent. Thus, proAVP appears to be an attractive target for the detection of invasive breast cancer and DCIS, and these results suggest that MAG1 may be a beneficial tool for use in the development of such strategies.

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Fractal analysis of the trabecular bone pattern in the presence/Absence of Metal Artifact Producing Objects: Comparison of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography with Panoramic and Periapical Radiography

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology ◽

10.1259/dmfr.20200559 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20200559

Author(s):

Bardia Vadiati Saberi ◽

Negar Khosravifard ◽

Kowsar Nooshmand ◽

Zahra Dalili Kajan ◽

Mohammad Ebrahim Ghaffari

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Trabecular Bone ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Fractal Analysis ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Significance Level ◽

Panoramic Images ◽

The Difference ◽

Periapical Radiography

Objectives: The effect of metallic objects on the fractal dimension (FD), bone area fraction (BAF) and gray scale values (GSVs) of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images was assessed. Also, FD, BAF, and GSV were compared among CBCT, digital periapical, and panoramic radiographies. Methods: Digital periapical and panoramic radiographs were acquired from six blocks of bovine rib. Additionally, different arrangements of titanium implants and intracanal metallic posts were created in the bone blocks and CBCT scans were taken from the different implant-root arrangements. The three radiographic modalities were compared by analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons between the modalities were performed by the Tukey test (significance level set at 0.05). Results: Different root- implant arrangements in the CBCT images revealed no significant differences in the FD (p = 0.920), BAF and GSV values (p = 0.623). FD differed significantly among the three modalities (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found between CBCT and each of the periapical and panoramic techniques (p < 0.001), while no remarkable differences were observed in the FD of the periapical and panoramic images (p = 0.294). BAF and GSV showed significantly different results among the three radiographic techniques (p < 0.001). The difference was remarkable between CBCT and periapical (p < 0.001), CBCT and panoramic (p < 0.001), and periapical and panoramic (p = 0.008). Conclusion: Presence of titanium implants and intracanal posts does not produce different results in the fractal analysis (FA) of the CBCT images. The trabecular bone pattern is best assessed by FA of the periapical radiographs followed by the panoramic and CBCT techniques, respectively.

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Localization and alteration of mono-, di-, and trifucosyl alpha 1----3 type 2 chain structures during human embryogenesis and in human cancer.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.160.2.506 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 160 (2) ◽

pp. 506-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Y Fukushi ◽

S Hakomori ◽

T Shepard

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Ductal Carcinoma ◽

Human Cancer ◽

Antigen Expression ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Papillary Adenocarcinoma ◽

Epithelial Tissue ◽

Tissue Sections ◽

Stomach Adenocarcinoma ◽

Poorly Differentiated

Distribution patterns of specific fucose-containing antigens having X determinant (Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3]GlcNAc) as well as the di- or trimeric X determinants (Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3]GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3]-GlcNAc) in the developing human embryo and fetus and in human cancer have been examined using immunohistological techniques. Tissue sections were stained with monoclonal antibody FH3, which defines X determinant, and with monoclonal antibody FH4, which defines di- or trimeric X determinant. The following general trends in the expression of the antigens defined by FH3 and FH4 have been observed: (a) A well-organized, orderly appearance and disappearance of the antigens was observed during the histogenesis of various epithelia of gastrointestinal and other organs. The developmental stage exhibiting the maximum antigen expression is different for each organ. (b) The X determinant defined by FH3 was expressed approximately 2 wk earlier than the di- or trimeric X determinant defined by FH4, and the antigen defined by FH4 regressed more rapidly and more completely than the X determinant defined by FH3 on further development of epithelial tissue. Thus, expression of the FH4 antigen is highly limited to specific types of cells in newborn and adult epithelial tissues. (c) The antigen defined by FH4 was strongly expressed in the majority of tubular and papillary adenocarcinoma of stomach, adenocarcinoma of colon, and infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast and its metastatic lesions. No antigen was found in poorly differentiated stomach adenocarcinoma, squamous lung carcinoma, and many other types of tumors from ovary, testis, prostate, skin, and muscle. The presence of the antigen defined by FH4 is therefore limited to carcinoma of the stomach, colon, and breast and can be regarded as a retrograde expression of the antigen to a certain stage of fetal development in which expression of this antigen was maximal.

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Ultrastructural Study of Apocrine Differentiation in Human Mammary Carcinoma: Correlation of Granule Content With Sex Steroid Binding

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600003238 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 742-743

Author(s):

S. E. Levine ◽

A. D. Brinkhous ◽

K. S. McCarty ◽

J. A. Mossier ◽

K.S. McCarty

Keyword(s):

Ultrastructural Study ◽

Ductal Carcinoma ◽

Apocrine Carcinoma ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Granular Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽

Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽

Apocrine Differentiation ◽

Microscopic Features ◽

Membrane Bound ◽

Epithelial Lesions

A variant of ductal carcinoma of the human breast which has been designated apocrine carcinoma has distinctive light and electron microscopic features. Such tumors comprise approximately 0.5% of breast carcinomas. Abundant cytoplasmic membrane bound vesicles (400-600 nm) with dense homogeneous osmophilic cores characterize these tumors. These granules are also seen in apocrine metaplastic breast epithelial lesions1 and appear to be responsible for the finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm observed by light microscopy. A high content of intermediate affinity non-saturable 4S progesteroneestrogen binding protein (PEBP) in apocrine carcinoma has been reported.2 The present ultrastructural study evaluates the presence of apocrine granules in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (NOS) to determine if a correlation exists between apocrine granule content and the quantity of PEBP present.

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Narrative Language Markers of Arabic Language Development and Impairment

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (10) ◽

pp. 3472-3487

Author(s):

Natalia V. Rakhlin ◽

Nan Li ◽

Abdullah Aljughaiman ◽

Elena L. Grigorenko

Keyword(s):

Language Development ◽

Standardized Test ◽

Language Disorder ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Developmental Language Disorder ◽

Standardized Measures ◽

Verb Agreement ◽

Language Groups ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity ◽

Omission Errors

Purpose We examined indices of narrative microstructure as metrics of language development and impairment in Arabic-speaking children. We examined their age sensitivity, correlations with standardized measures, and ability to differentiate children with average language and language impairment. Method We collected story narratives from 177 children (54.2% boys) between 3.08 and 10.92 years old ( M = 6.25, SD = 1.67) divided into six age bands. Each child also received standardized measures of spoken language (Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary, Sentence Imitation, and Pseudoword Repetition). Several narrative indices of microstructure were examined in each age band. Children were divided into (suspected) developmental language disorder and typical language groups using the standardized test scores and compared on the narrative indicators. Sensitivity and specificity of the narrative indicators that showed group differences were calculated. Results The measures that showed age sensitivity included subject omission error rate, number of object clitics, correct use of subject–verb agreement, and mean length of utterance in words. The developmental language disorder group scored higher on subject omission errors (Cohen's d = 0.55) and lower on correct use of subject–verb agreement (Cohen's d = 0.48) than the typical language group. The threshold for impaired performance with the highest combination of specificity and sensitivity was 35th percentile. Conclusions Several indices of narrative microstructure appear to be valid metrics for documenting language development in children acquiring Gulf Arabic. Subject omission errors and correct use of subject–verb agreement differentiate children with typical and atypical levels of language development.

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