scholarly journals Calculation and measurement of ampacity for class 5 flexible aluminum cable at 110 °C

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Fernando Esma Agustin ◽  
Akhtar Kalam ◽  
Aladin Zayegh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Electrical System ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Conductor Temperature

Class 5 flexible aluminum conductors are not common in cable manufacturing industry due to insufficient study on cable joints and connectors. The table of ampacities for aluminum conductors at 110 °C in AS/NZS3008.1.1 standards are also not available as a reference guide for electrical system designers that restricts the installation of aluminum low voltage (LV) cabling system to operate at 90 °C of conductor maximum operating temperature where 110 °C cables are permitted in Australia. In this paper, the cable ampacities of various LV Class 5 flexible aluminum cables at maximum operating temperature of 110 °C are calculated using IEC60287 and AS/NZ3008.1.1 standards. The calculated ampacities from the formula presented in clause 4.4. of AS/NZS3008.1.1 are verified by using the 6kA inductive current generator to determine the suitability for use. The joint temperature between cable and shear bolt mechanical connectors are simultaneoulsy simulated using the calculated ampacities to determine the suitability of mechanical shear bolt connectors when the coefficient of thermal expansion of material is considered. The observed differences between the calculated and measured values demonstrate the relevance of formula used in determining the current ampacity at 110 °C conductor temperature in free air.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in the Testing of the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Overhead Conductors

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miren T. Bedialauneta ◽  
Igor Albizu ◽  
Elvira Fernandez ◽  
A. Javier Mazon
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Expansion Process ◽  
Overhead Lines ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Line Section ◽  
Conductor Temperature ◽  
Actual Size

Overhead lines can be replaced by high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors in order to increase their capacity. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the HTLS conductors are lower than the CTE of conventional conductors. The utilities and conductor manufacturers usually carry out the verification of the CTE of the overhead conductors in an actual size span. The verification is based on the observation of the change of the conductor length as a result of the conductor temperature change. This process is influenced by the coefficient of thermal expansion to be verified. However, there are other factors that also affect it. This paper analyzes the effect of some of the uncertainty sources in the testing of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the overhead conductors. Firstly, the thermal expansion process is described and the uncertainty sources related to the conductor and the line section are identified. Then, the uncertainty sources and their effect on the CTE testing are quantified.

Effect of elevated temperatures and applied pressure on the tribological properties of LM30/sillimanite aluminium alloy composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1521-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Tarun Nanda ◽  
OP Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Reinforcement Particle ◽  
Aluminum Matrix Composites ◽  
Brake Rotor

The present study focuses on the development of low-cost, lightweight and highly wear resistant composites for brake rotor applications. Sillimanite mineral reinforced aluminum matrix composites were stir cast using three distinct reinforcement particle sizes. Reinforcement level was varied in the range of 3–15 wt%. The influence of operating temperature (50℃–300℃) and applied pressure (0.2–1.0 MPa) on the wear/friction behaviour of composites was observed. Optical micrographs showed homogenous particle distribution throughout the matrix. The high nanohardness obtained for interface regions signifies good particle–matrix bonding of processed composites. Dilatometry studies showed that the increase in sillimanite content decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion of the composites. Maximum improvement of 33% in coefficient of thermal expansion (over base alloy) was observed for 15 wt% fine composites. Wear analysis revealed that the developed composites provided adequate wear resistance till an operating temperature of 200℃, beyond which wear rate increased significantly. For the high operating temperature of 200℃, the steady-state wear of composites was comparable (only 6.62% higher) to the commercial cast iron alloy used in brake rotor applications. The aluminium-based composites developed in the present research are low cost (sillimanite is a naturally occurring mineral sand) and lightweight (60% lighter than cast iron) and can be used as an alternate material for brake rotors in light vehicles. Finally, SEM of worn out surfaces divulged the dominance of adhesive wear for material removal.

NILO ALLOY 36

Alloy Digest ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Constant Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Iron Nickel

Abstract NILO alloy 36 is a binary iron-nickel alloy having a very low and essentially constant coefficient of thermal expansion at atmospheric temperatures. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Fe-79. Producer or source: Inco Alloys International Inc..

UNISPAN LR35

Alloy Digest ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Operational Level

Abstract UNISPAN LR35 offers the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of any alloy now available. It is a low residual modification of UNISPAN 36 for fully achieving the demanding operational level of precision equipment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Fe-46. Producer or source: Cyclops Corporation.

DELTALLOY 4032

Alloy Digest ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Surface Finish ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Single Point ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Corrosion And Wear

Abstract Deltalloy 4032 has good machinability and drilling characteristics when using single-point or multispindle screw machines and an excellent surface finish using polycrystalline or carbide tooling. The alloy demonstrates superior wear resistance and may eliminate the need for hard coat anodizing. Deltalloy 4032 is characterized by high strength and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as machining and surface treatment. Filing Code: AL-347. Producer or source: ALCOA Wire, Rod & Bar Division.

RED X-20

Alloy Digest ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Aluminum Silicon Alloy ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract RED X-20 is a heat treatable hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy with excellent wear resistance and a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-89. Producer or source: Apex Smelting Company.

AA 4032

Alloy Digest ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract AA 4032 has a comparatively low coefficient of thermal expansion and good forgeability. The alloy takes on an attractive dark gray appearance when anodized which may be desirable in architectural applications. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-305. Producer or source: Various aluminum companies.

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