scholarly journals Open garbage dumps near protected areas in Uttarakhand: an emerging threat to Asian Elephants in the Shivalik Elephant Reserve

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 16571-16575
Author(s):  
Kanchan Puri ◽  
Ritesh Joshi ◽  
Vaibhav Singh
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Wildlife Protection ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Elephant Population ◽  
Proper Disposal

Waste dumping sites near protected areas are a growing issue, which may affect the activities and behaviour of wildlife, more than what we notice.  Here, we present two of our case studies, where Asian Elephants were found feeding at garbage dumps in Haridwar and Ramnagar forest divisions in the Shivalik Elephant Reserve in Uttarakhand State.  Since garbage dumps may spread bacterial infection and induce adverse changes in the health conditions of the elephant population, we draw the attention of planners to develop a plan of action for proper disposal of the garbage through these preliminary observations, without affecting protected areas and wildlife species, including elephants.  Moreover, collection of data on the presence of garbage dumps across the reserve and a study on the behavioural responses of scavenging and non-scavenging animals visiting the dumps would give us a better understanding of the level of impact of garbage dumps for disposal planning. It is to emphasize that garbage does not constitute a part of natural food for elephants. There are restrictions and guidelines in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Guidelines for Declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.   

scholarly journals Asian elephants and their status in Nepal: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Sami Shrestha ◽  
Jiban Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Elephant Population ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Wildlife Reserve

Wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are one of the most endangered wildlife species in Nepal. Currently, there are approximately 200 to 250 wild elephants counted in Nepal. Of  them, 15-20 are in Jhapa district, 17 are in KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve, eight in Sindhuli, and 45-50 in Parsa National Park andChitwan National Park. More  than 100 elephants are in Bardiya National Parks and adjoining municipalities, and 25-30 are in Suklaphanta National Park and adjoining municipalities.Elephant conservation is challenged by habitat fragmentation, obstruction of migratory routes and human-elephant conflict. The governments of Nepal, law enforcement, NGOs, and local communities have made various initiatives to conserve elephants. In the paper, we have outlined the current status of the elephant population, and its conservative efforts. This study may be a useful tool for the scientific communities and ecologists to protect elephants from extinction.

Nature Conservation

2019 ◽  
pp. 459-488
Author(s):  
Agustín García-Ureta
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Wildlife Protection ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the international legal regime on nature conservation. It first provides a brief overview of the evolution of national and international instruments to protect wildlife before exploring the concept of biodiversity and the dimensions of its intrinsic value. It then considers the relationship between protected areas and wildlife species, with particular emphasis on the designation of certain areas based on the wonders they sheltered and later based on the need to conserve wildlife. It also describes the legal definition and criteria for designation of an area for purposes of nature conservation, the importance of the size of protected areas in wildlife protection, and the link between wildlife and environmental connectivity. Finally, it analyses a range of specific measures designed to protect wild species, including wandering and alien species, trade in species, and the debate surrounding property rights and market mechanisms as they apply to wildlife protection.

scholarly journals The elephant at the dump: how does garbage consumption impact Asian elephants?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulmini J. Liyanage ◽  
Prithiviraj Fernando ◽  
P. Nihal Dayawansa ◽  
H. K. Janaka ◽  
Jennifer Pastorini
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Garbage Dump ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Sexual Bias ◽  
Prepared Food ◽  
Dung Analysis

AbstractWe studied garbage consumption by Asian elephants at the Uddakandara garbage dump in southern Sri Lanka. Garbage at the dump was classified under six categories and quantified using a grid overlay. Elephants visiting the dump were individually identified by morphological criteria and items and quantities consumed by them were determined by focal animal sampling. Dung of elephants that did not consume garbage and those from the dump were compared quantitatively and dung constituents assessed by washing through three layered sieves. A total of 17 individual elephants visited the garbage dump during the study period, all of who were males. The observed sexual bias could be related to behavioural differences between the sexes. Elephants mostly consumed ‘fruits and vegetables’ and ‘prepared food’, possibly due to their higher palatability and nutritional value. Ingestion of polythene was incidental and associated with consuming prepared food. Proportions of the six categories in elephant diet and garbage piles were significantly different, indicating that elephants were highly selective when feeding. Elephant arrivals increased in response to unloading of garbage, suggesting attraction to fresh garbage. Dung analysis found that garbage consumption did not change the quantity and constituents of dung, except for the presence of anthropogenic items. As consumed anthropogenic items were regularly excreted, retention and obstruction of the alimentary tract are unlikely in elephants. Elephants feeding on garbage had better body condition than non-garbage consuming elephants, indicating that garbage provided better nutrition than natural food and was not detrimental to their health.

scholarly journals Protected area management in a post-natural world: negotiated governance at the Danish Wadden Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cormac Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Protected Area Management ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Large Protected Areas ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractNational parks and other large protected areas play an increasingly important role in the context of global social and environmental challenges. Nevertheless, they continue to be rooted in local places and cannot be separated out from their socio-cultural and historical context. Protected areas furthermore are increasingly understood to constitute critical sites of struggle whereby the very meanings of nature, landscape, and nature-society relations are up for debate. This paper examines governance arrangements and discursive practices pertaining to the management of the Danish Wadden Sea National Park and reflects on the relationship between pluralist institutional structures and pluralist, relational understandings of nature and landscape.

National Parks, Protected Areas, and Wildlife Sanctuaries

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-63
Author(s):  
Ugyen Tshewang ◽  
Jane Gray Morrison ◽  
Michael Charles Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks

scholarly journals A strategic framework for biodiversity monitoring in South African National Parks

Koedoe ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melodie A. McGeoch ◽  
Mbulelo Dopolo ◽  
Peter Novellie ◽  
Howard Hendriks ◽  
Stefanie Freitag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
South African ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Biodiversity Monitoring ◽  
Management Philosophy ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Internal Pressures

Protected areas are under increasing threat from a range of external and internal pressures on biodiversity. With a primary mandate being the conservation of biodiversity, monitoring is an essential component of measuring the performance of protected areas. Here we present a framework for guiding the structure and development of a Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) for South African National Parks (SANParks). Monitoring activities in the organisation are currently unevenly distributed across parks, taxa and key concerns: they do not address the full array of biodiversity objectives, and have largely evolved in the absence of a coherent, overarching framework. The requirement for biodiversity monitoring in national parks is clearly specified in national legislation and international policy, as well as by SANParks’ own adaptive management philosophy. Several approaches available for categorising the multitude of monitoring requirements were considered in the development of the BMS, and 10 Biodiversity Monitoring Programmes (BMPs) were selected that provide broad coverage of higher-level biodiversity objectives of parks. A set of principles was adopted to guide the development of BMPs (currently underway), and data management, resource and capacity needs will be considered during their development. It is envisaged that the BMS will provide strategic direction for future investment in this core component of biodiversity conservation and management in SANParks. Conservation implications: Monitoring biodiversity in protected areas is essential to assessing their performance. Here we provide a coordinated framework for biodiversity monitoring in South African National Parks. The proposed biodiversity monitoring system addresses the broad range of park management plan derived biodiversity objectives.

scholarly journals Research to guide management of outdoor recreation and tourism in parks and protected areas

Koedoe ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Management By Objectives ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Parks And Protected Areas ◽  
Recreation And Tourism

A framework for managing outdoor recreation and tourism in parks and protected areas was presented in this article. This management-by-objectives framework includes, (1) formulating indicators and standards of quality, (2) monitoring indicators of quality and (3) implementing management actions designed to maintain standards of quality. This management framework can be used to help balance the demand for outdoor recreation and tourism and the need to protect park resources and the quality of the visitor experience. A programme of research to help guide application of this management framework was described and illustrated. This research is part of a growing body of scientific and professional literature on outdoor recreation and tourism that can be used to build the capacity of park and protected area management agencies. Conservation implications: The management framework described in this article, and the associated programme of research, can be used by conservation practitioners to balance use and protection of national parks and protected areas.

scholarly journals Assessing the Need for Ecotourism Cluster Establishment in Georgia: Ways to Increase the Country’s Competitiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Khakhishvili
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Cluster Development ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Natural Monument ◽  
Strong Cluster ◽  
Different Parts

Georgia is famous for wine, hospitality, culture, and history at the international level. Before now, tourism in Georgia was only related to wine tourism and sea resorts, but in recent years, the country is positioning itself as an emerging destination for adventurous tourism. Industry potential is not fully utilized and it has more hidden possibilities to attract more visitors. This paper focuses on assessing the need for ecotourism cluster establishment in Georgia. In fulfilling this objective, a survey was conducted. Questionnaires were distributed to ecotourism service providers of the country. 54 managers of national parks and other protected areas (Lagodekhi Protected Areas, Kazbegi National Park, Martvili Canyon Natural Monument, Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park and Machakhela National Park) were chosen for the survey. The selected respondents are the managers of the most popular ecotourism destinations among Georgian and foreign ecoturists. Due to the various locations in different parts of Georgia, it took about two weeks to conduct the survey. The results of the survey showed that ecotourism industry representatives agree on the need of cluster establishment for more development of the field. The paper also demonstrated that building promising ecotourism industry through strong cluster development is directly related to increasing the country’s competitiveness.

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