Abstract 5304: Dominant Negative Suppression of Rad Leads to Intracellular Ca 2+ Overload via Up-Regulation of Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Activity

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsushige Murata ◽  
Hirotaka Yada ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamakawa ◽  
Yoshiyasu Aizawa ◽  
Shinsuke Yuasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ryanodine Receptor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Release Channel ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Mouse Cells ◽  
Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor

Background: We have recently reported that the ras-related small G-protein Rad plays a critical role in generating arrhythmias via regulation of L-type Ca 2+ channel. However, it has remained unclear whether or not the mechanism for its arrhythmogenesis is attributed only to L-type Ca 2+ channel activity. This study was designed to demonstrate the role of Rad in intracellular calcium homeostasis by cardiac-specific dominant negative suppression of Rad. Methods and results: Transgenic mice that overexpress dominant negative mutant Rad (DN Rad TG) driven by α-myosin heavy chain promoter were generated. To measure intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ), we recorded [Ca 2+ ] i transients and Ca 2+ sparks from isolated cardiomyocytes by confocal microscope. The mean amplitude of [Ca 2+ ] i transient was significantly increased in DN Rad TG cardiomyocytes, compared with WT littermate mouse cells (F/F 0 3.3 ± 0.2, n = 25, in DN Rad TG cells vs. 2.4 ± 0.1, n = 30, in WT cells, P<0.05). The frequency of Ca 2+ sparks was significantly higher in TG cells than in WT cells (5.2 ± 0.6 sparks•100 μm −1 •s −1 , n = 45 in TG cells vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 sparks•100 μm −1 •s −1 , n = 45, in WT controls, P<0.05), although there were no significant differences in their amplitudes. Furthermore, SR Ca 2+ content was not altered in TG cells, as assessed by caffeine-induced [Ca 2+ ] i transient. These results suggested that the properties of fundamental SR Ca 2+ release units might have been affected by the inhibition of endogenous Rad activity. To elucidate the mechanism for the increased frequency of SR Ca 2+ release channel, phosphorylation of Ser 2809 on cardiac ryanodine receptor (RYR2) was examined. The phosphorylation of RYR2 at Ser 2809 was significantly enhanced in TG mouse hearts compared with WT mice, implicating the upregulation of RYR2 activity in TG mice. Additionally, this Rad-mediated phosphorylation of RYR2 was regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Conclusions: Our results provided the first evidence that Rad regulated RYR2 activity via PKA signaling pathway. Thus, Rad might play a critical role in cellular Ca 2+ homeostasis via its inhibitory effects on RYR2 as well as L-type Ca 2+ channel.

scholarly journals Microphthalmia Gene Product as a Signal Transducer in cAMP-Induced Differentiation of Melanocytes

1998 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corine Bertolotto ◽  
Patricia Abbe ◽  
Timothy J. Hemesath ◽  
Karine Bille ◽  
David E. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Camp Response Element ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Tyrosinase Gene ◽  
Camp Pathway

Melanocyte differentiation characterized by an increased melanogenesis, is stimulated by α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone through activation of the cAMP pathway. During this process, the expression of tyrosinase, the enzyme that controls melanin synthesis is upregulated. We previously showed that cAMP regulates transcription of the tyrosinase gene through a CATGTG motif that binds microphthalmia a transcription factor involved in melanocyte survival. Further, microphthalmia stimulates the transcriptional activity of the tyrosinase promoter and cAMP increases the binding of microphthalmia to the CATGTG motif. These observations led us to hypothesize that microphthalmia mediates the effect of cAMP on the expression of tyrosinase. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanism by which cAMP regulates microphthalmia function and to prove our former hypothesis, suggesting that microphthalmia is a key component in cAMP-induced melanogenesis. First, we showed that cAMP upregulates the transcription of microphthalmia gene through a classical cAMP response element that is functional only in melanocytes. Then, using a dominant-negative mutant of microphthalmia, we demonstrated that microphthalmia is required for the cAMP effect on tyrosinase promoter. These findings disclose the mechanism by which cAMP stimulates tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis and emphasize the critical role of microphthalmia as signal transducer in cAMP-induced melanogenesis and pigment cell differentiation.

Role of calmodulin methionine residues in mediating productive association with cardiac ryanodine receptors

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. H794-H799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Balog ◽  
Laura E. Norton ◽  
David D. Thomas ◽  
Bradley R. Fruen
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Ryanodine Receptor ◽  
Ryanodine Receptors ◽  
Release Channel ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Methionine Residues ◽  
Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor

Calmodulin (CaM) binds to the cardiac ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channel (RyR2) with high affinity and may act as a regulatory channel subunit. Here we determine the role of CaM Met residues in the productive association of CaM with RyR2, as assessed via determinations of [3H]ryanodine and [35S]CaM binding to cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. Oxidation of all nine CaM Met residues abolished the productive association of CaM with RyR2. Substitution of the COOH-terminal Mets of CaM with Leu decreased the extent of CaM inhibition of cardiac SR (CSR) vesicle [3H]ryanodine binding. In contrast, replacing the NH2-terminal Met of CaM with Leu increased the concentration of CaM required to inhibit CSR [3H]ryanodine binding but did not alter the extent of inhibition. Site-specific substitution of individual CaM Met residues with Gln demonstrated that Met124 was required for both high-affinity CaM binding to RyR2 and for maximal CaM inhibition. These results thus identify a Met residue critical for the productive association of CaM with RyR2 channels.

scholarly journals Exogenous C2-ceramide activates c-fos serum response element via Rac-dependent signalling pathway

1998 ◽  
Vol 330 (2) ◽  
pp. 1009-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-Chul KIM ◽  
Jae-Hong KIM
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Response Element ◽  
Serum Response ◽  
Negative Mutant

Ceramide is an important regulatory molecule implicated in a variety of biological processes in response to stress and cytokines. To understand the signal transduction pathway of ceramide to the nucleus, in the present study, we examined whether C2-ceramide, a cell permeable ceramide, activates c-fos serum response element (SRE). Treatment of Rat-2 fibroblast cells with C2-ceramide caused the stimulation of c-fos SRE-dependent reporter gene activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner by transient transfection analysis. Next, we examined the role of Rho family GTPases in the ceramide-induced signalling to SRE activation. By reporter gene analysis following transient transfections with various plasmids expressing a dominant negative mutant form of Cdc42, Rac1 or RhoA, C2-ceramide-induced SRE activation was shown to be selectively repressed by pEXV-RacN17 encoding a dominant negative mutant of Rac1, suggesting that Rac activity is essential for the signalling cascade of ceramide to the nucleus. In a further study to analyse the downstream mediator of Rac in the ceramide-signalling pathway, we observed that either pretreatment with mepacrine, a potent and specific inhibitor of phospholipase A2, or co-transfection with antisense cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) oligonucleotide repressed the C2-ceramide-induced SRE activation selectively, implying a critical role of cPLA2 in C2-ceramide-induced signalling to nucleus. Consistent with these results, the translocation of cPLA2 protein as well as the release of arachidonic acid, a principal product of phospholipase A2, was rapidly induced by the addition of C2-ceramide in a Rac-dependent manner. Together, our findings suggest the critical role of ‘Rac and subsequent activation of phospholipase A2’ in ceramide-signalling to nucleus.

Antiarrhythmic Potential of Drugs Targeting the Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Ca2+ Release Channel: Case Study of Dantrolene

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1062-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karoly Acsai ◽  
Norbert Nagy ◽  
Zoltan Marton ◽  
Kinga Oravecz ◽  
Andras Varro
Keyword(s):  
Ryanodine Receptor ◽  
Release Channel ◽  
Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor

scholarly journals Atypical Protein Kinase C Is Involved in the Evolutionarily Conserved Par Protein Complex and Plays a Critical Role in Establishing Epithelia-Specific Junctional Structures

2001 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 1183-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Suzuki ◽  
Tomoyuki Yamanaka ◽  
Tomonori Hirose ◽  
Naoyuki Manabe ◽  
Keiko Mizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Surface Polarity ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

We have previously shown that during early Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis PKC-3, a C. elegans atypical PKC (aPKC), plays critical roles in the establishment of cell polarity required for subsequent asymmetric cleavage by interacting with PAR-3 [Tabuse, Y., Y. Izumi, F. Piano, K.J. Kemphues, J. Miwa, and S. Ohno. 1998. Development (Camb.). 125:3607–3614]. Together with the fact that aPKC and a mammalian PAR-3 homologue, aPKC-specific interacting protein (ASIP), colocalize at the tight junctions of polarized epithelial cells (Izumi, Y., H. Hirose, Y. Tamai, S.-I. Hirai, Y. Nagashima, T. Fujimoto, Y. Tabuse, K.J. Kemphues, and S. Ohno. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 143:95–106), this suggests a ubiquitous role for aPKC in establishing cell polarity in multicellular organisms. Here, we show that the overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of aPKC (aPKCkn) in MDCK II cells causes mislocalization of ASIP/PAR-3. Immunocytochemical analyses, as well as measurements of paracellular diffusion of ions or nonionic solutes, demonstrate that the biogenesis of the tight junction structure itself is severely affected in aPKCkn-expressing cells. Furthermore, these cells show increased interdomain diffusion of fluorescent lipid and disruption of the polarized distribution of Na+,K+-ATPase, suggesting that epithelial cell surface polarity is severely impaired in these cells. On the other hand, we also found that aPKC associates not only with ASIP/PAR-3, but also with a mammalian homologue of C. elegans PAR-6 (mPAR-6), and thereby mediates the formation of an aPKC-ASIP/PAR-3–PAR-6 ternary complex that localizes to the apical junctional region of MDCK cells. These results indicate that aPKC is involved in the evolutionarily conserved PAR protein complex, and plays critical roles in the development of the junctional structures and apico-basal polarization of mammalian epithelial cells.

Prevention of TNF-α-induced apoptosis in polyamine-depleted IEC-6 cells is mediated through the activation of ERK1/2

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. G479-G490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujoy Bhattacharya ◽  
Ramesh M. Ray ◽  
Leonard R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Cytochrome C Release ◽  
Erk Phosphorylation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Jnk Activation

It has been documented that polyamines play a critical role in the regulation of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. We have recently reported that protection from TNF-α/cycloheximide (CHX)-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells depleted of polyamines is mediated through the inactivation of a proapoptotic mediator, JNK. In this study, we addressed the involvement of the MAPK pathway in the regulation of apoptosis after polyamine depletion of IEC-6 cells. Polyamine depletion by α-difluromethylornithine (DFMO) resulted in the sustained activation of ERK in response to TNF-α/CHX treatment. Pretreatment of polyamine-depleted IEC-6 cells with a cell membrane-permeable MEK1/2 inhibitor, U-0126, significantly inhibited TNF-α/CHX-induced ERK phosphorylation and significantly increased DNA fragmentation, JNK activity, and caspase-3 activity in response to TNF-α/CHX. Moreover, the dose dependency of U-0126-mediated inhibition of TNF-α/ CHX-induced ERK phosphorylation correlated with the reversal of the antiapoptotic effect of DFMO. IEC-6 cells expressing constitutively active MEK1 had decreased TNF-α/CHX-induced JNK phosphorylation and were significantly protected from apoptosis. Conversely, a dominant-negative MEK1 resulted in high basal activation of JNK, cytochrome c release, and spontaneous apoptosis. Polyamine depletion of the dominant-negative MEK1 cells did not prevent JNK activation or cytochrome c release and failed to confer protection from both TNF-α/CHX and camptothecin-induced apoptosis. Finally, expression of a dominant-negative mutant of JNK significantly protected IEC-6 cells from TNF-α/CHX-induced apoptosis. These data indicate that polyamine depletion results in the activation of ERK, which inhibits JNK activation and protects cells from apoptosis.

Inactivation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor calcium release channel by nitric oxide

Cell Calcium ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Zahradníková ◽  
Igor Minarovic ◽  
Richard C. Venema ◽  
LászlóG. Meszaros
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ryanodine Receptor ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Calcium Release Channel ◽  
Release Channel ◽  
Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor

Centrosome cohesion is regulated by a balance of kinase and phosphatase activities

2001 ◽  
Vol 114 (20) ◽  
pp. 3749-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Meraldi ◽  
Erich A. Nigg
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Microtubule Depolymerization ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Similar Phenotype ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Centrosome cohesion and separation are regulated throughout the cell cycle, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Since overexpression of a protein kinase, Nek2, is able to trigger centrosome splitting (the separation of parental centrioles), we have surveyed a panel of centrosome-associated kinases for their ability to induce a similar phenotype. Cdk2, in association with either cyclin A or E, was as effective as Nek2, but several other kinases tested did not significantly interfere with centrosome cohesion. Centrosome splitting could also be triggered by inhibition of phosphatases, and protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α) was identified as a likely physiological antagonist of Nek2. Furthermore, we have revisited the role of the microtubule network in the control of centrosome cohesion. We could confirm that microtubule depolymerization by nocodazole causes centrosome splitting. Surprisingly, however, this drug-induced splitting also required kinase activity and could specifically be suppressed by a dominant-negative mutant of Nek2. These studies highlight the importance of protein phosphorylation in the control of centrosome cohesion, and they point to Nek2 and PP1α as critical regulators of centrosome structure.

scholarly journals β1-Integrin and PI 3-kinase regulate RhoA-dependent activation of skeletal α-actin promoter in myoblasts

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (6) ◽  
pp. H1736-H1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wei ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Robert J. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Serum Response Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Muscle Gene Expression ◽  
Actin Promoter ◽  
Muscle Gene ◽  
Negative Mutant

RhoA GTPase, a regulator of actin cytoskeleton, is also involved in regulating c- fos gene expression through its effect on serum response factor (SRF) transcriptional activity. We have also shown that RhoA plays a critical role in myogenesis and regulates expression of SRF-dependent muscle genes, including skeletal α-actin. In the present study, we examined whether the RhoA signaling pathway cross talks with other myogenic signaling pathways to modulate skeletal α-actin promoter activity in myoblasts. We found that extracellular matrix proteins and the β1-integrin stimulated RhoA-dependent activation of the α-actin promoter. The muscle-specific isoform β1Dselectively activated the α-actin promoter in concert with RhoA but inhibited the c- fos promoter. In addition, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase were required for full activation of the α-actin promoter by RhoA. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of FAK, application of wortmannin to cultured myoblasts, or expression of a dominant negative mutant of PI 3-kinase inhibited α-actin promoter activity induced by RhoA. These results suggest that RhoA, β1-integrin, FAK, and PI 3-kinase serve together as an important signaling network in regulating muscle gene expression.

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