scholarly journals Confidence in Recognition Memory for Words: Dissociating Right Prefrontal Roles in Episodic Retrieval

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. A. Henson ◽  
M. D. Rugg ◽  
T. Shallice ◽  
R. J. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Prefrontal Region ◽  
The Difference

We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI) to investigate brain regions showing differential responses as a function of confidence in an episodic word recognition task. Twelve healthy volunteers indicated whether their old-new judgments were made with high or low confidence. Hemodynamic responses associated with each judgment were modeled with an “early” and a “late” response function. As predicted by the monitoring hypothesis generated from a previous recognition study [Henson, R. N. A., Rugg, M. D., Shallice, T., Josephs, O., & Dolan, R. J. (1999a). Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 3962-3972], a right dorsolateral prefrontal region showed a greater response to correct low-versus correct high-confidence judgements. Several regions, including the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and left lateral parietal cortex, showed greater responses to correct old than correct new judgements. The anterior left and right prefrontal regions also showed an old-new difference, but for these regions the difference emerged relatively later in time. These results further support the proposal that different subregions of the prefrontal cortex subserve different functions during episodic retrieval. These functions are discussed in relation to a monitoring process, which operates when familiarity levels are close to response criterion and is associated with nonconfident judgements, and a recollective process, which is associated with the confident recognition of old words.

scholarly journals Using Brain Imaging to Extract the Structure of Complex Events at the Rational Time Band

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1624-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Anderson ◽  
Yulin Qin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Prefrontal Region ◽  
Complex Events ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
Time Band

A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was performed in which participants performed a complex series of mental calculations that spanned about 2 min. An Adaptive Control of Thought—Rational (ACT-R) model [Anderson, J. R. How can the human mind occur in the physical universe? New York: Oxford University Press, 2007] was developed that successfully fit the distribution of latencies. This model generated predictions for the fMRI signal in six brain regions that have been associated with modules in the ACT-R theory. The model's predictions were confirmed for a fusiform region that reflects the visual module, for a prefrontal region that reflects the retrieval module, and for an anterior cingulate region that reflects the goal module. In addition, the only significant deviations to the motor region that reflects the manual module were anticipatory hand movements. In contrast, the predictions were relatively poor for a parietal region that reflects an imaginal module and for a caudate region that reflects the procedural module. Possible explanations of these poor fits are discussed. In addition, exploratory analyses were performed to find regions that might correspond to the predictions of the modules.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of the Inverse Base Rate Effect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Inkster ◽  
Fraser Milton ◽  
Charlotte E R Edmunds ◽  
Abdelmalek Benattayallah ◽  
Andy Wills
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Rate Effect ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Stimulus Compound ◽  
Predictive Learning ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Difference

The Inverse Base Rate effect (IBRE; Medin & Edelson, 1988) is a non-rational behavioral phenomenon in predictive learning. Canonically, participants learn that the AB stimulus compound leads to one outcome and that AC leads to another outcome, with AB being presented three times as often as AC. When subsequently presented with BC, the outcome associated with AC is selected preferentially, in opposition to the underlying base rates of the outcomes. While many potential explanations of the effect exist, an error-driven learning account (Kruschke, 2001b) is particularly influential. A key component of this account is prediction error, a concept previously linked to a number of brain areas including the anterior cingulate, the striatum and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The present study is the first fMRI study to directly examine the IBRE. Activations were noted in the brain areas linked to prediction error, including the caudate body, the anterior cingulate cortex and the middle frontal gyrus. Analysing the difference in activations for singular key stimuli (B and C), as well as frequency matched controls, supports the predictions made by the error-driven learning account.

Electrophysiologically Dissociating Episodic Preretrieval Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1476-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma K. Bridger ◽  
Axel Mecklinger
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
General Requirement ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
New Item

Contrasts between ERPs elicited by new items from tests with distinct episodic retrieval requirements index preretrieval processing. Preretrieval operations are thought to facilitate the recovery of task-relevant information because they have been shown to correlate with response accuracy in tasks in which prioritizing the retrieval of this information could be a useful strategy. This claim was tested here by contrasting new item ERPs from two retrieval tasks, each designed to explicitly require the recovery of a different kind of mnemonic information. New item ERPs differed from 400 msec poststimulus, but the distribution of these effects varied markedly, depending upon participants' response accuracy: A protracted posteriorly located effect was present for higher performing participants, whereas an anteriorly distributed effect occurred for lower performing participants. The magnitude of the posterior effect from 400 to 800 msec correlated with response accuracy, supporting the claim that preretrieval processes facilitate the recovery of task-relevant information. Additional contrasts between ERPs from these tasks and an old/new recognition task operating as a relative baseline revealed task-specific effects with nonoverlapping scalp topographies, in line with the assumption that these new item ERP effects reflect qualitatively distinct retrieval operations. Similarities in these effects were also used to reason about preretrieval processes related to the general requirement to recover contextual details. These insights, alongside the distinct pattern of effects for the two accuracy groups, reveal the multifarious nature of preretrieval processing while indicating that only some of these classes of operation are systematically related to response accuracy in recognition memory tasks.

Information, Similarity and Vocalization in Short-Term Recognition Memory for Numbers

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Slak
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
Decimal Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Memory Recognition

32 men and 32 women were given a memory-recognition task involving either quinary or decimal numbers. One half of Ss in each group vocalized the presented items, while the other half read them silently. The design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. Quinary numbers resulted in a greater number of errors of omission and commission than did decimal numbers. Vocalization resulted in greater number of errors of commission in women but the difference did not occur with errors of omission. Recognition was discussed in terms of the amount of transmitted information. The difference in transmitted information between quinary and decimal numbers was analyzed into components accruing from the difference in the number of bits per item and from the difference in the formal interitem similarity.

Retrieval Success is Accompanied by Enhanced Activation in Anterior Prefrontal Cortex During Recognition Memory: An Event-Related fMRI Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen B. McDermott ◽  
Todd C. Jones ◽  
Steven E. Petersen ◽  
Sarah K. Lageman ◽  
Henry L. Roediger
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Anterior Prefrontal Cortex

Neural regions associated with retrieval success were identified using event-related fMRI procedures and randomly ordered trials on a recognition memory test. Differences between hits and correct rejections (CRs) occurred in multiple regions, including bilateral anterior and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and right superior parietal cortex (all hits > CRs), and right occipital cortex (CRs > hits). The hit > CR pattern is not compromised by time-on-task explanations because response latencies for correctly rejected words exceeded those for hits. Converging evidence for the claim that the hit > CR pattern identified neural correlates of retrieval success was obtained by unconfounding item history and retrieval success. That is, we implemented a third condition in which nonstudied words were presented, yet retrieval success was hypothesized to facilitate CRs of these lures. Specifically, when confronted with a familiar, yet nonstudied word, (e.g., nosedive after studying nosebleed and skydive), subjects might adopt a strategy whereby they recall the studied word(s) that gave rise to the familiarity (nosebleed, skydive) and thereby reject the lure. This method of instantiating retrieval success under conditions in which the target word had not been studied offers converging evidence for the claim that anterior-prefrontal cortex (among other regions) demonstrates enhanced activation during retrieval success.

scholarly journals Orthographic Distinctiveness and Semantic Elaboration Provide Separate Contributions to Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1841-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda A. Kirchhoff ◽  
Melissa L. Schapiro ◽  
Randy L. Buckner
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Orthographic Distinctiveness ◽  
The Relationship

Orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration both enhance memory. The present behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examined the relationship between the influences of orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration on memory, and explored whether they make independent contributions. As is typical for manipulations of processing levels, words studied during semantic encoding were better remembered than words studied during nonsemantic encoding. Notably, orthographically distinct words were better recalled and received more remember responses on recognition memory tests than orthographically common words regardless of encoding task, suggesting that orthographic distinctiveness has an additive effect to that of semantic elaboration on memory. In the fMRI study, ortho-graphic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration engaged separate networks of brain regions. Semantic elaboration modulated activity in left inferior prefrontal and lateral temporal regions. In contrast, orthographic distinctiveness modulated activity in distinct bilateral inferior prefrontal, extrastriate, and parietal regions. Orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration appear to have separate behavioral and functional-anatomic contributions to memory.

The Context of Uncertainty Modulates the Subcortical Response to Predictability

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 986-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Bischoff-Grethe ◽  
Megan Martin ◽  
Hui Mao ◽  
Gregory S. Berns
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Sequence Versus ◽  
Implicit Motor Learning ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of

Implicit motor learning tasks typically involve comparisons of subject responses during a sequence versus a random condition. In neuroimaging, brain regions that are correlated with a sequence are described, but the temporal relationship of sequence versus nonsequence conditions is often not explored. We present a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study describing activation related to sequential predictability in an implicit sensorimotor learning task and the history (context) dependence of these effects. Participants regarded four squares displayed horizontally across a screen and pressed a button when any one of the four targets was illuminated in a particular color. A repeating spatial sequence with varying levels of predictability was embedded within a random color presentation. Both the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R DLPFC) and right caudate displayed a positive correlation to increasing predictability, whereas the left posterior parietal cortex (L PPC) displayed a negative correlation. However, the activation changes within the caudate were significant when transitioning from high predictability to low predictability but not for the reverse case, suggesting a sensitivity not only to predictability but to order effects as well. These results support the hypothesized relationship between basal ganglia and visuomotor sequential learning, but demonstrate the importance of context upon sequence learning.

Seeing It My Way or Your Way: Frontoparietal Brain Areas Sustain Viewpoint-independent Perspective Selection Processes

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 670-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ramsey ◽  
Peter Hansen ◽  
Ian Apperly ◽  
Dana Samson
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Frontoparietal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
Parietal Cortices

A hallmark of human social interaction is the ability to consider other people's mental states, such as what they see, believe, or desire. Prior neuroimaging research has predominantly investigated the neural mechanisms involved in computing one's own or another person's perspective and largely ignored the question of perspective selection. That is, which brain regions are engaged in the process of selecting between self and other perspectives? To address this question, the current fMRI study used a behavioral paradigm that required participants to select between competing visual perspectives. We provide two main extensions to current knowledge. First, we demonstrate that brain regions within dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices respond in a viewpoint-independent manner during the selection of task-relevant over task-irrelevant perspectives. More specifically, following the computation of two competing visual perspectives, common regions of frontoparietal cortex are engaged to select one's own viewpoint over another's as well as select another's viewpoint over one's own. Second, in the absence of conflict between the content of competing perspectives, we showed a reduced engagement of frontoparietal cortex when judging another's visual perspective relative to one's own. This latter finding provides the first brain-based evidence for the hypothesis that, in some situations, another person's perspective is automatically and effortlessly computed, and thus, less cognitive control is required to select it over one's own perspective. In doing so, we provide stronger evidence for the claim that we not only automatically compute what other people see but also, in some cases, we compute this even before we are explicitly aware of our own perspective.

Comparative analysis of changes of bioelectrical activity of the brain during the neutral touch and during the performance of the myofascial release technique

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
A. F. Belyaev ◽  
G. E. Piskunova
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Therapeutic Touch ◽  
Bioelectrical Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Osteopathic Treatment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multiparameter Analysis

Introduction. One of the main tools of an osteopath are soft tissue techniques, which have a number of particular qualities such as minimization of force and duration of indirect techniques with an emphasis on muscle and ligamentous structures; combination of gestures, tendency to maximal relaxation and exclusion of direct action on pathological symptoms such as tension, overtone and pain. Minimization of the force applied during the performance of soft tissue techniques often invites a question whether there are differences between the usual touch and the therapeutic touch of an osteopath.Goal of research - to reveal the changes in the bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex arising in the process of osteopathic treatment in order to prove its specifi city in comparison with nonspecifi c tactile stimulation (neutral touch).Materials and methods. 75 people were examined with the use of multiparameter analysis of multichannel EEG in different times. 25 patients were clinically healthy adults, whereas 50 patients had signs of somatic dysfunctions.Results. Computer encephalography permits to perceive the difference between the neutral touch and the therapeutic action. An identifi cation reaction is a response to the neutral touch (changes in brain bioelectrical activity with an increase in statistically signifi cant connections in the temporal lobes), whereas the therapeutic action provokes the state of purposeful brain activity during still point (intensifi cation of frontooccipital interactions).Conclusions. Osteopathic action causes additional tension in the processing of incoming information, which requires participation of different brain regions, including interhemispheric mechanisms associated with analysis, maintenance of attention and regulation of targeted activities.

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