Impaired Conflict Adaptation in an Emotional Task Context following Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Lesions in Humans

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2070-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Maier ◽  
Giuseppe di Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Conflict Adaptation ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Competing Response ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Normal Controls

Recent brain imaging studies have implicated the rostral ACC (rACC) in the resolution of conflict between competing response tendencies in emotional task contexts, but not in neutral task contexts. This study tested the hypothesis that the rACC is necessary for such context-specific conflict adaptation. To this end, a group of patients with lesions of the rACC, a group of brain-damaged controls, and a group of normal controls classified the emotional expression (emotional task context) or the gender (neutral task context) of faces while ignoring congruent and incongruent words written across the faces. In all three groups, performance was worse with incongruent as compared with congruent stimuli in both task contexts. In the two control groups, this congruency effect was reduced following incongruent trials in both task contexts. By contrast, the rACC group displayed such conflict adaptation only in the neutral, but not in the emotional, task context. These results show that the rACC is necessary for conflict adaptation in emotional but not in neutral task contexts and suggest that the regulation of behavior is context specific.

The Clinical Usefulness of the Platelet Aggregation Test for the Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (04) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
B H Chong ◽  
J Burgess ◽  
F Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Heparin Therapy ◽  
Serotonin Release ◽  
Point System ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Heparin Concentration ◽  
Release Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Controls

SummaryThe platelet aggregation test is widely used for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a potentially serious complication of heparin therapy. We have evaluated its sensitivity and specificity in comparison with those of the 14C-serotonin release test. The sensitivity of the platelet aggregation test was found to vary with the heparin concentration and the donor of the platelets used in the test. The optimal heparin concentrations were between 0.1 and 1.0 U/ml. Using these heparin concentrations, the mean sensitivity varied from 39% (with the least reactive platelets) to 81% (with the most reactive platelets). In comparison, the sensitivity of the release test ranged from 65% to 94%. The specificities of the platelet aggregation test were 82%, 90% and 100% for the following control groups: (1) non-thrombocytopenic patients given heparin, (2) patients with thrombocytopenia due to other causes, and (3) normal controls not given heparin, respectively. The corresponding specificities for the release test was 94%, 90% and 100%. The specificities can be further increased to 100% for all controls with the adoption of a two-point system which defines a positive result as one in which platelet aggregation occurs with a low heparin concentration (0.5 U/ml) but not with 100 U heparin/ml. For optimal results, a two-point platelet aggregation test should be performed with heparin concentrations of 0.5 and 100 U/ml and using platelets of more reactive donors.

The Integration of Emotional Expression and Experience: A Pragmatist Review of Recent Evidence From Brain Stimulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caruana Fausto
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Common View ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
Stimulation Of

A common view in affective neuroscience considers emotions as a multifaceted phenomenon constituted by independent affective and motor components. Such dualistic connotation, obtained by rephrasing the classic Darwin and James’s theories of emotion, leads to the assumption that emotional expression is controlled by motor centers in the anterior cingulate, frontal operculum, and supplementary motor area, whereas emotional experience depends on interoceptive centers in the insula. Recent stimulation studies provide a different perspective. I will outline two sets of findings. First, affective experiences can be elicited also following the stimulation of motor centers. Second, emotional expressions can be elicited by stimulating interoceptive regions. Echoing the original pragmatist theories of emotion, I will make a case for the notion that emotional experience emerges from the integration of sensory and motor signals, encoded in the same functional network.

scholarly journals A connectional hub in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex links areas of emotion and cognitive control

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Tang ◽  
Saad Jbabdi ◽  
Ziyi Zhu ◽  
Michiel Cottaar ◽  
Giorgia Grisot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Retrograde Tracing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Afferent Inputs ◽  
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
A Site

We investigated afferent inputs from all areas in the frontal cortex (FC) to different subregions in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Using retrograde tracing in macaque monkeys, we quantified projection strength by counting retrogradely labeled cells in each FC area. The projection from different FC regions varied across injection sites in strength, following different spatial patterns. Importantly, a site at the rostral end of the cingulate sulcus stood out as having strong inputs from many areas in diverse FC regions. Moreover, it was at the integrative conjunction of three projection trends across sites. This site marks a connectional hub inside the rACC that integrates FC inputs across functional modalities. Tractography with monkey diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) located a similar hub region comparable to the tracing result. Applying the same tractography method to human dMRI data, we demonstrated that a similar hub can be located in the human rACC.

FKBP5 methylation predicts functional network architecture of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 225 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Markus Muehlhan ◽  
Robert Miller ◽  
Jens Strehle ◽  
Michael N. Smolka ◽  
Nina Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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