scholarly journals Learning to Play It Safe (or Not): Stable and Evolving Neural Responses during Adolescent Risky Decision-making

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Kahn ◽  
Shannon J. Peake ◽  
Thomas J. Dishion ◽  
Elizabeth A. Stormshak ◽  
Jennifer H. Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Simulation Game ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Risky Decisions

Adolescent decision-making is a topic of great public and scientific interest. However, much of the neuroimaging research in this area contrasts only one facet of decision-making (e.g., neural responses to anticipation or receipt of monetary rewards). Few studies have directly examined the processes that occur immediately before making a decision between two options that have varied and unpredictable potential rewards and penalties. Understanding adolescent decision-making from this vantage point may prove critical to ameliorating risky behavior and improving developmental outcomes. In this study, participants aged 14–16 years engaged in a driving simulation game while undergoing fMRI. Results indicated activity in ventral striatum preceded risky decisions and activity in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) preceded safe decisions. Furthermore, participants who reported higher sensation-seeking and sensitivity to reward and punishment demonstrated lower rIFG activity during safe decisions. Finally, over successive games, rIFG activity preceding risky decisions decreased, whereas thalamus and caudate activity increased during positive feedback (taking a risk without crashing). These results indicate that regions traditionally associated with reward processing and inhibition not only drive risky decision-making in the moment but also contribute to learning about risk tradeoffs during adolescence.

scholarly journals RIZIKINGŲ SPRENDIMŲ PRIĖMIMO IR SITUACIJOS POBŪDŽIO SĄSAJOS

Psichologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Auksė Endriulaitienė ◽  
Vaclovas Martišius
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Risk Society ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risky Decisions

Šiuolaikinė socialinė teorija nurodo, kad vystosi vadinamoji rizikos visuomenė, todėl problemos, susijusios su rizikingų sprendimų priėmimu, tampa vis aktualesnės. Didžiausia yra konteksto veiksnių priimant rizikingus sprendimus srities (pvz., problemos formulavimo, užduoties sudėtingumo ir kt.) tyrimų įvairovė. Tačiau neaišku, ar problemos turinys turi įtakos polinkiui priimti rizikingus sprendimus. Šio darbo tikslas buvo patikrinti hipotezę, ar žmonės labiau linkę priimti rizikingus sveikatos ir piniginės nei socialinės ir etinės rizikos sričių sprendimus. Tyrime dalyvavo 602 respondentai; jie pildė Kogano ir Wallacho (1964, 1967) pasiūlytą Pasirinkimo dilemų klausimyną. Pagal metodiką reikėjo pasirinkti priimtiną rizikingo sprendimo tikimybę iš dvylikos situacijų (piniginės, sveikatos, socialinės ir etinės rizikos sričių). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad žmonės priima rizikingiausius sveikatos rizikos ir saugiausius etinės rizikos sričių sprendimus. Tačiau rizikingų sprendimų priėmimo ir rizikos srities, situacijos pobūdžio ryšys gali kisti dėl individualių veiksnių (pvz., lyties, amžiaus). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISKY DECISION MAKING AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS Auksė Endriulaitienė, Vaclovas Martišius SummaryRecent social theory proposes the idea that the risk society is developing, so the problems of risky decision making are more and more urgent. There are a lot of investigations in the field of situational correlates of risky decision making (e. g., problem framing, task difficulty, etc.). But there is not clear if the problem content has the impact upon the propensity to make risky decisions. The goal of this work was to test hypothesis that people are more prone to risky decision making in health and monetary risk area than in social and ethical risk area. Participants were 602 subjects (age 18-60; 262 students and 340 workers). They completed Kogan and Wallach's (1964, 1967) Choice Dilemma Questionnaire (CDQ), where they had to choose the appropriate for them probability for risky decision in twelve situations (from monetary, health, social and ethical risk areas). The results showed that people make the most risky decisions in health risk area and the safest decisions in ethical risk area. But the relationship between risk area and risky decision making may be mediated by individual factors (e. g., gender and age).

scholarly journals Risky decision-making in major depression is stable and intact

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongil Chung ◽  
Kelly Kadlec ◽  
Jason A. Aimone ◽  
Katherine McCurry ◽  
Brooks King-Casas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Inverse Temperature ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Subjective Value

AbstractThe clinical diagnosis and symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) have been closely associated with impairments in reward processing. In particular, various studies have shown blunted neural and behavioral responses to the experience of reward in depression. However, little is known about whether depression affects individuals’ valuation of potential rewards during decision-making, independent from reward experience. To address this question, we used a gambling task and a model-based analytic approach to measure two types of individual sensitivity to reward values in participants with MDD: ‘risk preference,’ indicating how objective values are subjectively perceived and ‘inverse temperature,’ determining the degree to which subjective value differences between options influences participants’ choices. On both of these measures of value sensitivity, participants with MDD were comparable to non-psychiatric controls. Both risk preference and inverse temperature were also stable over four laboratory visits and comparable between the groups at each visit. Moreover, neither value sensitivity measure varied with severity of clinical symptoms in MDD. These data suggest intact and stable value processing in MDD during risky decision-making.

scholarly journals The Ethics of Making Risky Decisions for Others

2019 ◽  
pp. 445-473
Author(s):  
Luc Bovens
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Decisions For Others ◽  
Risky Decisions

Utilitarianism, it has been said, is not sensitive to the distribution of welfare. In making risky decisions for others there are multiple sensitivities at work. I present examples of risky decision-making involving drug allocations, charitable giving, breast-cancer screening and Caesarian sections. In each of these examples there is a different sensitivity at work that pulls away from the utilitarian prescription. Instances of saving fewer people at a greater risk to many is more complex because there are two distributional sensitivities at work that pull in opposite directions from the utilitarian calculus. I discuss objections to these sensitivities and conclude with some reflections on the value of formal modeling in thinking about societal risk.

Planning and Search in Multi-Stage Risky Decision Making

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Hotaling ◽  
Jerry Busemeyer ◽  
Richard Shiffrin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Multi Stage
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