scholarly journals How to Merge a Root

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijke De Belder ◽  
Jeroen van Craenenbroeck
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Functional Material ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Vocabulary Insertion

The main goal of this article is to show that four properties of roots can be derived in a principled manner from the theory of Merge. The properties in question are the following: (a) roots have no grammatical features, (b) roots have no syntactic category, (c) roots are defined structurally rather than lexically, and (d) roots are dominated by functional material (rather than the other way around). We argue that the first Merge operation in each cyclic domain creates a radically empty structural position at the foot of the structure in which a root can be inserted at the level of Vocabulary Insertion. The four abovementioned properties of roots can then be shown to follow straightforwardly from this theory.

Structural role of copper in the minerals of the pearceite-polybasite group: the case of the new minerals cupropearceite and cupropolybasite

2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (06) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bindi ◽  
M. Evain ◽  
P. G. Spry ◽  
K. T. Tait ◽  
S. Menchetti
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Sample Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crystal Chemical ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Own Name

Abstract The pearceite-polybasite group of minerals, general formula [M6T2S7][Ag9CuS4] with M = Ag, Cu; and T = As, Sb, show a crystal structure which can be described as the succession, along the c axis, of two pseudo-layer modules: a [M6T2S7]2– A module layer and a [Ag9CuS4]2+ B module layer. Copper is present in one structural position of the B module layer and replaces Ag in the only fully occupied M position of the A module layer. When the Cu content is >4.00 a.p.f.u., the structural position of the A module layer becomes Cu-dominant and, consequently, the mineral deserves its own name. In this paper we report the crystal-chemical characterization of two Cu-rich members exhibiting the 111 unitcell type (corresponding to the Tac polytype). One sample (space group (P )m1, a 7.3218(8), c 11.8877(13) Å, V 551.90(10) Å3, Z = 1) having As >Sb and with the structural position of the A module layer dominated by Cu, has been named cupropearceite and the other sample (space group (P3̄)m1, a 7.3277(3), c 11.7752(6) Å, V 547.56(8) Å3, Z = 1) having Sb >As has been named cupropolybasite. Both the new minerals and mineral names have been approved by the IMA-CNMNC.

scholarly journals The emergence of the grammatical paradigm of nominal determiners in French and in Romance: Comparative and diachronic perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Carlier ◽  
Béatrice Lamiroy
Keyword(s):  
Initial Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Pattern Characteristic ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article is devoted to the emergence of a new paradigm in French and Romance: that of nominal determiners. Latin had no articles, and although possessives, demonstratives and indefinites could determine the noun, they could also be used as pronouns or adjectives, so that the morpho-syntactic category of nominal determiners did not exist as such. We first examine the diachronic evolution of French, where a far-reaching grammaticalization process took place. Syntagmatically, all determiners end up in the NP-initial position as the only available syntactic slot, contributing to the highly configurational NP pattern characteristic of Modern French. From a paradigmatic viewpoint, determiners no longer correspond to a syntactic function, but to a separate morpho-syntactic category. We also evaluate to what extent this evolution took place in two other Romance languages, Italian and Spanish. Through the analysis of this particular evolution, based on parallel corpora consisting of a Latin text and its translations in Old, Middle, and Modern French on the one hand, and in Spanish and Italian on the other, our study also provides evidence for more general mechanisms, analogy in particular, at work in the creation of new paradigms.

scholarly journals Network Power Europe and Competition at the UN Human Rights Council

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Anatoly Boyashov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Complex Networks ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Human Rights Council ◽  
The Eu

The chapter's argument anchors the debates on what type of a competitor the European Union is. On a larger scale, it addresses the question about the nature of competition within the United Nations. A large share of European integration literature suggests that the EU competes as a Þ-U+201C-Þnormative power EuropeÞ-U+201D-Þ thus identifying competition as a struggle for prestige and status. The proponents of the other perspective pinpoint the EU identity as a Þ-U+201C-Þmarket power EuropeÞ-U+201D-Þ-to gain advantages, the EU hence seeks to guide competition with its wealth. This chapter argues the augmenting complexity of international organizations pushes the EU to act as Þ-U+201C-Þnetwork power EuropeÞ-U+201D-Þ and compete for the structural position a Þ-U+201C-ÞbridgeÞ-U+201D-Þ in complex networks.

The Physiology of some Phases of the Poetic Mind

1878 ◽  
Vol 24 (106) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Frederick Treves
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Correct Conclusion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experienced Physician ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

To take one other example as illustrating a somewhat different aspect of this question. An experienced physician arrives in a moment at the diagnosis of a case presented to his notice, but a well read and well informed student may ponder long before attaining a correct conclusion under exactly similar circumstances. In what does the difference between the mental processes in the two individuals consist? It will be said to be a matter of experience merely; but what does this statement imply? In the process of arriving at a diagnosis of the case many facts will have to be observed, many points criticised, and many arguments weighed and valued. Now in the case of the senior observer all these facts, these points, these arguments will perhaps have been passed through the mind some hundreds of times before, in reviewing similar cases; the various steps whereby his final opinion is attained will, by frequent exercise and repetition, have become separately organised in the brain, and, however rapidly his conclusion may have been arrived at, the various steps will have been undertaken. But inasmuch as their influence is exercised automatically, he remains unconscious of their agency, until he stops to analyse the various reasons that have—to a very great extent unconsciously—laid the foundations of his diagnosis and the various details on which his opinion has been founded. The process may involve no more consciousness than is displayed in the movements of the envelope folder; one is aware that the envelope is folded, and the other that he has arrived at a definite opinion; but neither may be awake to the separate steps of the process until they deliberately investigate the details of the preceding movements. In the case of the immature observer, frequent repetition has not as yet made certain processes necessary to the diagnosis of the case familiar to his mind, and in consequence they have attained no sound structural position in his nerve centres; so, like the novice in the mystery of envelope folding, he has to consider each step, and proceed with deliberation, and under the acute guardianship of consciousness.

scholarly journals Relative Clause and Downstep in Japanese

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manami Hirayama ◽  
Hyun Kyung Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Syntactic Boundaries

It has been proposed that Japanese downstep, in which the pitch register is lowered after an accented phrase, is sensitive to certain syntactic boundaries. In this paper, we investigate whether downstep is blocked at the relative clause boundary in a production experiment with ten speakers. The results suggest that it does not block downstep. On the other hand, there is a difference between adjectives and verbs when they are used attributively with a head noun: Downstep is observed robustly in the verb condition, whereas there is much inter-speaker variation in the adjective condition. Taken together with the results of past research, we propose that the different patterns found by syntactic category, in particular, adjectives, verbs, and nouns, may be explained by assuming speakers’ knowledge of the behavior of these categories that is activated when they pronounce the phrase. Nouns and verbs are readily available as a combined concept in Japanese and thus downstep is not blocked, whereas combinations of adjectives are not so readily available, and thus speakers may insert a boundary, breaking up a phrase that would otherwise constitute a single domain for downstep.

Exceptions to the Mirror Principle and morphophonological ‘action at a distance’

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Myler
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
Vocabulary Insertion ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Action At A Distance ◽  
Mirror Principle

Hyman (2000, 2002) and Kiparsky (2011) have noted that Mirror-Principle-violating morpheme orders often give rise to non-local morphophonological effects. Kiparsky (2011) explicitly argues that this generalization cannot be captured in syntactic approaches to morphology, such as Distributed Morphology. This chapter shows that the generalization can be explained via the combination of two pre-existing tenets of such theories. One is the idea that Vocabulary Insertion proceeds from the most deeply embedded constituent outwards (Bobaljik 2000; Halle and Marantz 1993). The other is the proposal that violations of the Mirror Principle are to be accounted for via phrasal movement of a category containing the lexical root ‘stranding’ one or more affixes (Koopman 2005; Buell 2005; i.a.). The possibility of non-local phonological effects arises because the movements involved in deriving Mirror-Principle-violating orders lead to a disconnect between linear distance from the root and temporal order of Vocabulary Insertion.

scholarly journals Syntactic Category Changing in Syntax: Evidence from Finnish Participle Constructions

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-166
Author(s):  
Päivi Koskinen
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Functional Feature ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Syntactic Feature ◽  
Lexical Feature ◽  
Vocabulary Insertion ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Nominal Morphology

ABSTRACT In most languages there are lexical elements that manifest morpho-syntactic properties associated with more than one lexical category. I examine here a group of Finnish participle constructions that manifest such categorial inconsistencies. Those forms are analyzed as containing a hybrid category: the lexical feature [Adjectival Reference] accounts for their adjectival qualities and seemingly nominal morphology, while a functional feature [Temporal Reference] (= Tense) explains their verbal and temporal characteristics. Consequently, I argue that changes in syntactic category take place not only through morphological derivation, but also within the syntactic component. This is possible under a view of morphological derivation as vocabulary insertion based on the syntactic feature matrices that surface at the end of the computational component.

scholarly journals The morphosyntax of number in Estonian numeral-noun constructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Mark Josef Norris
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Robust System

The interaction of numerals and number-marking has generated much research in both morphosyntax and semantics in those domains. In this paper, I propose an analysis of number-marking in the numeral-noun constructions of Estonian. They are noteworthy for the existence of two morphosyntactic frames. In one, both the numeral and noun are singular, and the noun bears partitive case. In the other, both the numeral and noun are plural, and there is no assignment of partitive case. I propose an analysis whereby the head assigning partitive case is of the same syntactic category as the head introducing plurality: Borer's (2005) Div. Previous accounts do not capture the generalization that the numeral always matches the noun's number-marking. I propose it is another instance of the language's already robust system of nominal concord

The Physiology of some Phases of the Poetic Mind

1878 ◽  
Vol 24 (106) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Frederick Treves
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Correct Conclusion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experienced Physician ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

To take one other example as illustrating a somewhat different aspect of this question. An experienced physician arrives in a moment at the diagnosis of a case presented to his notice, but a well read and well informed student may ponder long before attaining a correct conclusion under exactly similar circumstances. In what does the difference between the mental processes in the two individuals consist? It will be said to be a matter of experience merely; but what does this statement imply? In the process of arriving at a diagnosis of the case many facts will have to be observed, many points criticised, and many arguments weighed and valued. Now in the case of the senior observer all these facts, these points, these arguments will perhaps have been passed through the mind some hundreds of times before, in reviewing similar cases; the various steps whereby his final opinion is attained will, by frequent exercise and repetition, have become separately organised in the brain, and, however rapidly his conclusion may have been arrived at, the various steps will have been undertaken. But inasmuch as their influence is exercised automatically, he remains unconscious of their agency, until he stops to analyse the various reasons that have—to a very great extent unconsciously—laid the foundations of his diagnosis and the various details on which his opinion has been founded. The process may involve no more consciousness than is displayed in the movements of the envelope folder; one is aware that the envelope is folded, and the other that he has arrived at a definite opinion; but neither may be awake to the separate steps of the process until they deliberately investigate the details of the preceding movements. In the case of the immature observer, frequent repetition has not as yet made certain processes necessary to the diagnosis of the case familiar to his mind, and in consequence they have attained no sound structural position in his nerve centres; so, like the novice in the mystery of envelope folding, he has to consider each step, and proceed with deliberation, and under the acute guardianship of consciousness.

scholarly journals Igbo adjectives as morphophonologized relatives

1990 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omen N. Maduka-Durunze
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Polar Set

Igbo adjectives are semantically, syntactically and morphophonologically derived. Underlyingly, they are relatives that are phonologized into a suppietive form. For this reason they cannot occur in predicative position, unlike adjectives in English. They are in two sets: the relative, polar set, which can be emphasized and further suppleted, and the non-relative, antipodal or taxonomic set, which cannot be emphasized, except perhaps by way of ideophonic periphrasis. Non-emphatic adjectives are also often ambiguous because of their inevitable incorporation of two copulas, one stative and neutral, the other active and cognate. One implication of all this is that 'Adj' is not a primitive syntactic category in Igbo and as such is not needed for its formal description. Another is that on the basis of formal behavioural criteria, a proper census of true adjectives in Igbo can now be taken.

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