Semantic and morphological characteristics of a noun as a subject in the modern French language

The present study considers the problem of the relationship between semantics and morphology of nouns in the syntactic function of the subject in the modern French literary language. This work aims to answer the questions of whether the syntactic function is not indifferent to the semantic nature of the noun and whether any noun can be used in the function of the subject. The text fragments taken from the works of classic French writers Honore de Balzac, Emile Zola, André Maurois, François Moryac, etc. have been investigated. The total length of the analyzed texts taken in equal portions of 100 phrases per work was 85,000 tokens. The general methodological principles of this study are the provisions on the dialectical connection between language and thinking, on the one hand, and language and reality, on the other. The findings show that the choice of grammatical forms of a noun in these syntactic functions is not random and it is determined by the patterns of thought formation, which reflects the objective situation.

SYSTEMATIZATION OF HOLOPHRASTIC CONSTRUCTIONS’ PROPERTIES

The paper is focused on studying regularities of holophrastic constructions’ functioning in the English literary prose by means of identifying and classifying the most significant features of their linguistic characteristics and expression. Holophrastic construction is regarded in the paper as a synthetically formed composite lexical unit that combines features of a word, a word-combination, or a sentence, and which figuratively but precisely represents in communication the integrative pictures of the individuals’ thinking or behavior, fixed in their memory as a corresponding concept, for decoding of which the recipients use their communicative and cognitive experience. Having analyzed the interpretations of holophrastic constructions’ characteristic features given in various scientific sources, the authors present a generalized classification of their linguistic properties as well as provide examples of their actualization in English literary texts. The carried out analysis allowed the authors to systematize English holophrastic constructions according to the following most significant features of their linguistic expression: communicative and pragmatic aim (inducing to actions, restraining form actions, and evaluation of the communicative situation), form of expressing meaning (transparent or opaque), degree of their emotional loading (emotionally neutral, emotionally coloured, and emotionally expressive constructions), their syntactic function in the sentence (subject, predicate, object, attribute, or adverbial modifier) and their structure (three-component, four-component, five-component, and poly-component, i.e. consisting of six or more components). The performed study advances the idea that the substantiated classification can serve as a methodological tool for structuring classes, subclasses and groups of the experimental material within the scope of similar linguistic research.

COMPARATIVE-TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE STATUS OF SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

The article touches upon the topical problems of modern linguistics related to the question of the status of linguistic units in general, and of simple and complex sentences, in particular, as signs of a nominative and communicative nature; as well as upon their structural-semantic and functional-communicative semantic features and their constituent parts such as, for example, the subject, the predicate, the object, the adverbial modifier, the introductory part and the introductory component, which are peculiarly characterized, defined and classified by the author. Proceeding from an integral approach to linguistic phenomena in modern directions of linguistics, which make up its anthropocentric paradigm, the author tries to express his attitude to a number of controversial issues faced by specialists in the field of syntax. Approaching these issues from a comparative-typological point of view, the author argues that, like any significant unit of a language, a sentence and all its types and varieties from a constructive and communicative-pragmatic points of view, should be considered as integral monolithic signs like a word. Pushing off from this general linguistic regularity, the author approaches in a new way to such parts of the sentence, which perform the syntactic function of a part of a sentence and its extenders, establishes and reveals their substantial status within the framework of sentences of such modern languages as English, which represents a type of languages of a predominantly analytical system; Uzbek representing a type of languages of a predominantly agglutinative system, and Russian demonstrating a type of languages of a predominantly inflectional system. According to the author, there is a universal law, in line with which any significant linguistic unit used in a sentence, alone or in combination with another unit, can and should function as a specific syntactic part of it, therefore, within the framework of a sentence there is not and cannot be such a member that should not have a syntactic function in it. Based on this approach to the sentence and its members, the author characterizes and classifies the members of the sentence and their extenders from the linguo-cognitive and linguo-pragmatic points of view in a new way, in contrast to the traditional approach, according to which the extenders of the sentence are its parts, and the extenders of the parts cannot be members of the sentence. The article attempts also to clarify the question of the role and functions of the subject and predicate in the constructive structure of the sentence and their relationships with other parts of the sentence. As a result, a new taxonomy of a simple sentence, depending on the ability of the subject and predicate to create their “peaks” has been worked out. It is substantiated that the correct solution of the problems raised in the article contributes to the improvement of the state of learning and teaching languages and the process of translation from one language into another.

ГРАМАТИЧЕСКИ ФОРМАЛИЗМИ В ПОМОЩ НА ГРАМАТИКОГРАФИЯТА / GRAMMATICAL FORMALISMS IN AID OF GRAMMATICOGRAPHY

This paper presents some of the results of a larger study dedicated to the path of grammatical knowledge from the ancient Greek-Byzantine grammatical treatises to the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world, to the Bulgarian grammatical tradition from the Na-tional Revival period. The focus is on the syntactic element of the grammatical description. A formal notation of the sentence sections in the grammars of Avram Mrazović, Yuriy Venelin and Ivan Bogorov is enclosed to the end of comparing the “art and craft of writing grammars”. Grammatical formalisms have proved to be a reliable tool in the analytical procedures in the phylogenetic study of the Bulgarian syntactic tradition, as well as in the configurational analysis of the sentence, which departs from the practice of asking “questions” and looks into the fundamental property of “syntactic function” through the prism of modern grammar. Keywords: Bulgarian syntactic tradition, grammaticography, grammatical forma-lisms

Do Not be Ashamed of Rendering Judgment to Acquit the Wicked? On Sirach 42:2

The literary unit Sir 42:1–8 opens with the instruction not to be ashamed of keeping the Torah and commandments (42:2), and proceeds to list a series of actions that one should perform without embarrassment. Oddly enough, the second half of 42:2 instructs not to be ashamed “of rendering judgment to acquit the wicked,” על משפט להצדיק רשע. While this verse cannot be explained by the hermeneutic maneuver of changing the simple meaning of the Hebrew term רשע or the syntactic function of the lamed in להצדיק, I propose employing a text-critical approach in order to resolve the difficulty it presents. The emendation suggested in this paper subsequently helps us identify the biblical verses that served as the source of inspiration for the verse in Sirach (Ps 82:2–3), and the midrashic interpretation this verse was given in a later text (Rom 4:5).

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH: FUNCTIONAL SYNTAX APPROACH

Many approaches in syntax give a deeper chance to analyze the sentence beyond its formal structure even though those approaches focus on the issues of words category, function and role in a sentence construction. The approach of functional syntax emphasizes the sentence structure on the ‘role’ of each function in each category of words that construct the sentence. This paper analyzes simple sentence in English especially declarative sentence to describe the constituent units and the function structure of simple sentence with active voice. The analysis employs Morley’s Functional Syntax Approach to identify the function of each english active sentence element and describe the structure of a simple sentence in English. The results of analysis show that simple sentence can have a syntactic function structure ofS-P-O, S-P-C, or S-P-ACIRC with a functional role structure which is principally composed of semantic roles of the filler elements of each function in the form of participant-process-entity/thing; participant-process-quality or participant-process-feature/quality. The semantic role of the verbs in a sentence determine the elements of filler before and after the verb given in a sentence. Keywords: Functional syntax, verbs, semantic role, syntactic function.

Fundamental Structures with Reflexive Pronoun in Dative in Romanian

This article focuses on the problem of the functioning of the reflexive pronoun in dative modifying the verb. Based on a substantial corpus, the article refers to the delimitation of its functions, values and nuances, as well as the various fundamental structures in which it appears. Three constructions with their afferent structures are described, from which it appears that the reflexive dative works in two ways: 1) the subcategorization of the verb, receiving the thematic role of recipient or beneficiary and syntactic function of indirect object and 2) the double subordination - to the verb and to a noun in the structure. That is, it does not occupy a position of subcategorization of the verb, but acquires a possessive meaning from this noun and fulfills the function of possessive object, a function without a thematic role.

ASMAUL HUSNA DALAM AL QUR’AN

The aims of this study are: (1) to describe the morphological formation of Asmaul Husna; (2) describe the Asmaul Husna slot; (3) describe the Asmaul Husna pattern model; (4) describe the case and the syntactic function of Asmaul Husna; (5) describe the grammatical markers on Asmaul Husna in the Qur'an. This research is an analysis of Asmaul Husna's morphosyntactic in the Qur'an. This research is a qualitative research with library research design. The data of this research are presented with the consideration sample technique. In this study, from 156 data of Asmaul Husna found 3 data ism jamid, and 153 data ism musytaq. There are 91 mubalaghah data slots, 21 ism fa'il data slots, 6 mashdar data slots, and 35 musyabbahah sifah data slots. There are 97 data on raf' cases, 31 data on nashb cases and 33 data on jar cases. There are 2 data as mubtada', 51 data for khabar case, 3 data for fa'il case, 28 data for khabar inna, 10 data for na't (marfu'), and 3 data for ma'thuf (marfu'), 21 data for khabar kana, 2 data as maf'ul bih, 1 data as munada, 6 data as tamyiz, and 1 data as na't (manshub), 8 data as majrur, 5 data as mudhaf ilaih, and 18 data as na't ( majrur), and 2 data as badal (majrur). There were 91 data marked with dhammah dhahirah, and 1 data marked with dhammah muqaddara, 31 data marked with fathah dhahirah, and 33 data marked with kasrah dhahirah. Asmaul Husna merupakan kumpulan 99 nama-nama Allah yang menunjukan keindahan dan keperkasaan Allah. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis morfosintaksis Asmaul Husna di dalam al-Qur’an menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi pustaka (library research). Data penelitian ini disajikan dengan teknik sampel pertimbangan. Dalam penelitian ini, dari 156 data Asmaul Husna ditemukan 3 data ism jamid, dan 153 data ism musytaq. Tedapat 91 data slot mubalaghah, 21 data slot ism fa’il, 6 data slot mashdar, dan 35 data slot sifah musyabbahah. Terdapat 2 data dengan model pola فَعَل, 5 data dengan فَعْل, 4 data dengan فَعِل, 79 data dengan فَعِيْل, 9 data dengan فَعْلَان, 15 data dengan فَعُوْل, 2 data dengan فُعُّوْل, 1 data dengan فَعَال, 17 data dengan فَاعِل, 15 data dengan فَعَّال, 1 data dengan مُفعِل, 1 data dengan مُفَيْعِل, 1 data dengan مُفَعِّل, 1 data dengan مُفْتَعِل 1 data dengan مُتَفَعِّل, dan 1 data dengan مُتَفَاعِل. Terdapat 97 data raf’, 31 data nashb dan 33 data jar. Terdapat 2 data sebagai mubtada’, 51 data khabar, 3 data fa’il, 28 data sebagai khabar inna, 10 data na’t (marfu’),dan 3 data ma’thuf (marfu’), 21 data khabar kana, 2 data maf’ul bih, 1 data munada, 6 data tamyiz, dan 1 data na’t (manshub), 8 data majrur, 5 data mudhaf ilaih, dan 18 data na’t (majrur), dan 2 data badal (majrur). Ditemukan 91 data berpenanda dhammah dhahirah, dan 1 data berpenanda dhammah muqaddarah, 31 data berpenanda fathah dhahirah, dan 33 data berpenanda kasrah dhahirah.

Transition of proper personal names when using in the plural form (based on the material of the German language)

The process of language unit reinterpretation to use them in a new communicative or syntactic function is observed in the history of development of all human languages and is characterized by extreme complexity and heterogeneity. This article deals with the process of transition of personal proper names to the category of common names at the morphological level, where the factor of this transition is the grammatical category of the plural, which determines the semantic specificity of proper names in a different way than that of common names. This is due to the fact that proper names are oriented to a single object, which does not imply multiplicity. The resulting semantic shift leading to partial or complete transition of proper names, is described in this article.

Nouns Formed with -ism Suffix as a Type of Nominalization in Modern Russian Language

In the article Russian nouns formed with -ism suffix, often containing borrowed roots from other Indo-European languages, are analyzed from the perspective of their syntactic function as nominalization. As nominalization regarded in linguistics as a type of pure syntactic transformation (or “syntactic derivation” according to the definition of Jerzy Kuryłowicz), the -ost’ suffix as a word-formational formant for syntactic derivation is well acknowledged and described. As a contrast, the studied group of nouns with -ism suffix is seldom associated with or regarded as deadjectival nominals in previous works and dictionaries. Our analysis based on explanatory and morpheme dictionaries has shown, the motivational correlation between nouns with -ism suffix and adjectives are described in multiple ways, often contrasted one another. For instance, -isms are described in the morpheme dictionary (Lopantin, Ulukhanov 2016) as deadjectival nouns, while in the Shvedova dictionary as non-derivatives, motivating adjectives of quality. In addition, the seme ‘quality’ is also described variously in the two dictionaries – directly or using synonyms with different formants. The analysis of word-usages of -isms was conducted with the corpus “Russian Newspapers of the End of the XX Century”, developed by the Laboratory for General and Computational Lexicology and Lexicography (Lomonosov Moscow State University). The analysis has shown that the diagnostic context automatically differentiate the usage of -isms as nominalizations are the dependent names of the “feature carrier”, which as a result of nominalization has been moved from the position of subject to a dependent attribute.