scholarly journals The emergence of the grammatical paradigm of nominal determiners in French and in Romance: Comparative and diachronic perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Carlier ◽  
Béatrice Lamiroy
Keyword(s):  
Initial Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Pattern Characteristic ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article is devoted to the emergence of a new paradigm in French and Romance: that of nominal determiners. Latin had no articles, and although possessives, demonstratives and indefinites could determine the noun, they could also be used as pronouns or adjectives, so that the morpho-syntactic category of nominal determiners did not exist as such. We first examine the diachronic evolution of French, where a far-reaching grammaticalization process took place. Syntagmatically, all determiners end up in the NP-initial position as the only available syntactic slot, contributing to the highly configurational NP pattern characteristic of Modern French. From a paradigmatic viewpoint, determiners no longer correspond to a syntactic function, but to a separate morpho-syntactic category. We also evaluate to what extent this evolution took place in two other Romance languages, Italian and Spanish. Through the analysis of this particular evolution, based on parallel corpora consisting of a Latin text and its translations in Old, Middle, and Modern French on the one hand, and in Spanish and Italian on the other, our study also provides evidence for more general mechanisms, analogy in particular, at work in the creation of new paradigms.

Historical Views of Homosexuality: European Renaissance and Enlightenment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
European Renaissance

Spanning the Renaissance and the Enlightenment—the 15th/16th to the 18th centuries—the early modern period in Europe sees a fundamental evolution in relation to the conception and expression of same-sex desire. The gradual emergence of a marginalized homosexual identity, both individual and collective, accompanies a profound transformation in the understanding of the sexed body: the consolidation of two separate and “opposite” sexes, which sustain physiologically grounded sexual and gender roles. This new paradigm contrasts with an earlier one in which masculinity and femininity might be seen as representing points on a spectrum, and same-sex desire, perceived as potentially concerning all men and women, was not assimilable to a permanent characteristic excluding desire for and relations with members of the other sex. These developments, however, happened gradually and unevenly. The period is therefore characterized by differing models of homosexual desire and practices—majoritizing and minoritizing—that coexist in multiple and shifting configurations. The challenge for historians is to describe these in their full complexity, taking account of geographic variations and of both differences and continuities over time—between the beginning of the period and its end, between different points within it, and between early modernity and the present or the more recent past. The tension between similarity, identity, and the endurance of categories, on the one hand, and alterity, incommensurability, and rupture, on the other hand, defies dichotomous thinking that would see them as opposites, and favor one to the exclusion of the other. In making such comparative studies, we would no doubt do well to think not in singular but in plural terms, that is, of homosexualities in history.

Non-Quantitative Approaches to Dialect Classification and Relatedness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Barbato
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rigid Model ◽  
Dialect Classification ◽  
The One ◽  
Quantitative Approaches

Several attempts have been made to classify Romance languages. The subgroups created can be posited as intermediate entities in diachrony between a mother language and daughter languages. This diachronic perspective can be structured using a rigid model, such as that of the family tree, or more flexible ones. In general, this perspective yields a bipartite division between Western Romance languages (Ibero-Romance, Gallo-Romance, Alpine-, and Cisalpine-Romance) and Eastern Romance languages (Italian and Romanian), or a tripartite split between Sardinian, Romanian, and other languages. The subgroups can, however, be considered synchronic groupings based on the analysis of the characteristics internal to the varieties. Naturally, the groupings change depending on which features are used and which theoretic model is adopted. Still, this type of approach signals the individuality of French and Romanian with respect to the Romània continua, or contrasts northern and southern Romània, highlighting, on the one hand, the shared features in Gallo-Romance and Gallo-Italian and, on the other, those common to Ibero-Romance, southern Italian, and Sardinian. The task of classifying Romance languages includes thorny issues such as distinguishing between synchrony and diachrony, language and dialect, and monothetic and polythetic classification. Moreover, ideological and political matters often complicate the theme of classification. Many problems stand as yet unresolved, and they will probably remain unresolvable.

Popular lexicon of Greek origin in Italian varieties

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-120
Author(s):  
Francesco Crifò
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

AbstractGreek-speaking people have been sailing the Mediterranean for millennia. At various stages of their development from Latin, the Romance languages have been influenced by their idiom. In Italy and in its islands, this role has been particularly evident due to the many rich and culturally active colonies in Southern Italy before and during the Roman period on the one hand, and through the later Byzantine occupation, which lasted several centuries in some areas, on the other. In this article, after a brief summary of the historical background (2.), the characteristics of the lexical borrowings from Greek in the local idioms of Southern (3.) as well as of Central and Northern Italy (4.) will be sketched. Here and there, and in the conclusions (5.), the status quaestionis and the latest orientations of the research will also be broadly outlined.

Quelques particularités dans l’expression de la détermination du nom. Comparaison entre cinq langues romanes

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Gorana Bikić-Carić
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Change Of Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Description

"Some Features in the Expression of the Noun Determination. Comparison Between Five Romance Languages. In this article we would like to compare the noun determination in five Romance languages (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian). All the languages examined here share the main uses of articles: known referent, generic use, unique entities, abstract names, inalienable possession for the definite article, or introduction of a new element into the discourse and description for the indefinite article. However, we wanted to show some peculiarities. We used the same text in five languages, (La sombra del viento, Carlos Ruiz Zafón) which is part of the RomCro corpus, composed in the Chair of Romance Linguistics of the Department of Romance Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zagreb, Croatia. The results of the analysis showed a clear difference between French and the other languages. As expected, French uses the indefinite article in plural much more often, as well as the partitive article, which does not exist in Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. Likewise, the possessive adjective is more common in French than in other languages which use the definite article instead. But what is particularly interesting are the differences which indicate a ""change of perspective"", namely a different kind of article than in the original text. Our conclusion is that the noun can have several characteristics at the same time (description or determination by complement, generic use or absence of specific referent etc.) of which the author (or the translator) chooses the one to highlight. Likewise, we have underlined the role of article zero, which can carry different values (unspecified referent, but also unspecified quantity or even definite article value if the noun is introduced by a preposition), depending on its relationship to other articles in the language.

scholarly journals The Role of Prosody in the Identification of Persian Sentence Types: Declarative or Wh-question?

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Shiamizadeh ◽  
Johanneke Caspers ◽  
Niels O. Schiller
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Frequency Code ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

AbstractIt has been reported that prosody contributes to the identification of utterances which lack lexico-syntactic indicators of interrogativity but do have characteristic prosodic correlates (e.g. Vion and Colas 2006. Pitch cues for the recognition of yes-no questions in French. Journal of Psycholinguistics Research 35. 427–445). In Persian wh-in-situ questions, the interrogativity device (the wh-phrase) does not move to the sentence-initial position, and the pre-wh part is characterized by specific prosodic correlates (Shiamizadeh et al. 2016. Do Persian native speakers prosodically mark wh-in-situ questions? Manuscript submitted for publication). The current experiment investigates the role of prosody in the perception of Persian wh-in-situ questions as opposed to declaratives. To this end, an experiment was designed in which Persian native speakers were asked to choose the correct sentence type after hearing only the pre-wh part of a sentence. We hypothesized that prosody guides perception of wh-in-situ questions independent of wh-phrase type. The results of the experiment corroborate our hypothesis. The outcome is discussed in terms of Ohala´s frequency code, and Bolinger´s claim about the universal dichotomous association between relaxation and declarativity on the one hand and tension and interrogativity on the other hand.

scholarly journals Rekonstruksi Metodologi Pengembangan Sains Berbasis Agama

KALAM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Mohammad Muslih
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Scientific Reason ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
The One ◽  
Islamic Values

The development of an integrative scientific paradigm is certainly a very large scientific project, however, it must be admitted that the success of reconstructing the new paradigm is still insufficient, as it must be supported by the availability of a functional and effective methodology. This article is a study aimed at offering a methodology for integrative paradigm-based science development, which is not only functional and effective, but also ensures productivity, as well as secure from the pseudo-scientific of abusive practices and the excessive practice of ideological science. The reconstruction of a methodology of religious-based science development urged to do, on the one hand, to provide an answer to the doubt about its compatibility with the Islamic sciences, and on the other hand deny the fear of the disappearance of Islamic values, precisely with the continued execution of scientific research, or the development of scientific reason, in general.Pembangunan paradigma ilmiah integratif sudah tentu merupakan proyek keilmuan yang sangat besar, meski demikian, harus diakui, keberhasilan melakukan rekonstruksi paradigma baru itu masih belum cukup, sebab masih harus didukung oleh tersedianya metodologi yang fungsional dan efektif. Artikel ini merupakan kajian bermaksud menawarkan metodologi pengembangan sains berbasis paradigma integratif, yang tidak hanya fungsional dan efektif, tetapi juga menjamin produktivitas, sekaligus aman dari jeratan praktek kasar pseudosaintifik dan praktek berlebihan sains ideologis. Rekonstruksi metodologi pengembangan ilmu berbasis agama mendesak untuk dilakukan, di satu sisi untuk memberi jawaban atas keraguan akan kompetabilitasnya dengan ilmu-ilmu keislaman, dan pada sisi yang lain membantah kekhawatiran akan hilangnya atau terkikisnya nilai-nilai keislaman, justru dengan semakin dijalankannya riset-riset ilmiah, atau dikembangkannya nalar ilmiah secara umum

scholarly journals OUTILS D’AIDE À LA TRADUCTION DE LA LÉGISLATION DE L’UE : PRATIQUES EUROPÉENNES ET CAS DU BCMS

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-175
Author(s):  
Olivera Vušović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Translation Tools ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

TRANSLATION TOOLS FOR EU LEGISLATION: EUROPEAN PRACTICES AND THE CASE OF BCMS The aim of this paper is to analyse the issue of memory through tools for storing linguistic data (terminological databases, parallel corpora, thesauri, glossaries and dictionaries) deployed in the context of the translation of EU legislation. On the one hand, we present an overview of the tools used within the EU, distinguished by a complex and highly specific linguistic regime, currently including 24 official languages. On the other hand, we review the preparations and implementation of various tools in the former Serbo-Croatian countries, namely the language framework of their accession to the EU. Within the BCMS languages, a parallel has to be drawn between Croatia, which has been a member of the EU since 2013, with the most developed mechanisms in this area, of the one part, and Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part. Keywords: European Union, translation, tools, databases, accession to the EU, BCMS.

« Articles contractés » ou « preposizioni articolate » ?

Revue Romane ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-94
Author(s):  
Anna Sőrés
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Abstract The morphemes such as the French au or the Italien nel are designed by different terms in grammars of Romance languages, which shows that it is difficult to identify the lexical category of this type of fusional morpheme. The aim of this paper is to propose a detailed analysis of these contracted forms. I suggest that the fusion occurs during a secondary grammaticalization. This process involves, on the one hand, the definite article, i.e. a grammatical element, and, on the other hand, some prepositions which, semantically, can be functional or lexical but which function syntactically as grammatical elements. The analysis shows that case inflection of nominals has been transferred to the preposition while the other categories appear in the article which merged with prepositions. Therefore, the fusional forms can be considered as prepositions marked by the grammatical categories of gender, number and definiteness.

Concordances romanes et convergences balcano-romanes dans les dialects roumains sud-danubiens. Aspects phonétiques, morphologiques et syntaxiques

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-328
Author(s):  
Manuela Nevaci
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
The South ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Balkan Area ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

"Romance Concordances and Balcano-Romance Convergences in the South-Danubian Romanian Dialects. Phonetic, Morphological, and Syntactic Aspects. This paper proposes to emphasise the linguistic similarities of South-Danubian Romanian dialects (Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian) spoken in Albania, Croatia, R. of North Macedonia, Greece and Romania from the perspective of Romance and Balkan elements. We will take into consideration lexical aspects, from the point of view of linguistic contact with Balkan languages, as well as Romance elements that define these historical dialects of common Romanian. Our exposition is based on the broader theme of the relationship between genealogic (Romance features inherited from Latin, speaking of concordances in the Romance languages) and areal (convergences between the Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian dialects of the Romanian language and the languages spoken in the Balkan area). Through the presence of the Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian dialects of Romanian in the Balkans, creating a bridge between Romània and Balkan, a convergence was attained on the one hand with the Romance languages, and, on the other, with Greek, Albanian North Macedonian as Balkan languages. Keywords: South Danubian Romanian dialects, Aromanian dialect, Megleno-Romanian dialect, Istro-Romanian dialect, morphological and syntax dialectal system."

Οἱ ἰατροὶ λέγουσι … – Erläuterungen zur anatomischen Terminologie in Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-860
Author(s):  
Isabel Grimm-Stadelmann
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The One

Abstract The anatomical and physiological treatise Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς is characterized by a peculiarity of medical terminology which is largely unknown from comparable texts: on the one hand, anatomical terms are put into relation with corresponding terms from poetic language, on the other hand they are precisely defined by descriptions of objects of everyday use. The considerable discrepancy between the Greek original and its Latin translation is of particular interest against the background of the renaissance of Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς in the 16th century AD. The multiple versions of the Latin translation show that medical terminology in Latin language was still in an ongoing process of development, for which reason many Greek anatomical terms were inserted untranslated into the Latin text due to a lack of an adequate Latin equivalents. For this reason Περὶ τῆς τοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς plays a central role in the development of anatomical terminology, but also in its becoming more and more specific and precise.

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