Good fences make good neighbours: the role of landmarks in territory partitioning in the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus)

Behaviour ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Territorial Male ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Rhodeus Ocellatus

AbstractTerritorial animals sometimes use conspicuous natural landmarks as boundaries to their territories. The utilization of territory-demarcating landmarks may have evolved to limit the costs of territorial defence, since the adoption of clearly defined boundaries by opponents in adjacent territories can reduce the overall rate of aggressive encounters, which can be energetically expensive or might result in injury. Here the role of artificial landmarks as boundaries was tested in territorial male rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus), a fish with a resourcebased mating system. Pairs of size-matched territorial males were permitted to interact for short periods in an otherwise featureless aquarium with an obvious landmark at the shared boundary of their territory either present or absent. The presence of the territory-demarcating landmark significantly reduced both the frequency of territorial incursions by males into adjacent territories and the rate of territorial displays. Males showed individual differences in their propensity to enter the territory of a rival, irrespective of the presence of a territorydemarcating landmark. These results suggest that the cost of defence of a territory may be reduced by utilizing territory-demarcating landmarks, in accordance with the predictions of theoretical models.

The Role of Distress Disclosure Tendencies in the Experience and Expression of Laboratory-Induced Sadness

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Kahn ◽  
Daniel W. Cox ◽  
A. Myfanwy Bakker ◽  
Julia I. O’Loughlin ◽  
Agnieszka M. Kotlarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Distress Disclosure ◽  
Computerized Text Analysis

Abstract. The benefits of talking with others about unpleasant emotions have been thoroughly investigated, but individual differences in distress disclosure tendencies have not been adequately integrated within theoretical models of emotion. The purpose of this laboratory research was to determine whether distress disclosure tendencies stem from differences in emotional reactivity or differences in emotion regulation. After completing measures of distress disclosure tendencies, social desirability, and positive and negative affect, 84 participants (74% women) were video recorded while viewing a sadness-inducing film clip. Participants completed post-film measures of affect and were then interviewed about their reactions to the film; these interviews were audio recorded for later coding and computerized text analysis. Distress disclosure tendencies were not predictive of the subjective experience of emotion, but they were positively related to facial expressions of sadness and happiness. Distress disclosure tendencies also predicted judges’ ratings of the verbal disclosure of emotion during the interview, but self-reported disclosure and use of positive and negative emotion words were not associated with distress disclosure tendencies. The authors present implications of this research for integrating individual differences in distress disclosure with models of emotion.

scholarly journals The role of equilibrium cost in the evolution of honest signalling: waste or optimal investment?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Számadó ◽  
Dustin J. Penn
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Optimal Investment ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Differential Costs ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe relationship between signal cost and honesty is a controversial and unresolved issue. The handicap principle assumes that signals must be costly at equilibrium to be honest, and the greater the cost, the more reliable the signal. However, theoretical models and simulations question the necessity of equilibrium cost for the evolution of honest signalling. Honest signals can evolve without costs, and they can evolve through differential benefits with no need for differential costs. Here we investigate the role of equilibrium signal cost in the evolution of honest signals in both differential benefit and differential cost models using an agent-based simulation. We found that there is an optimal investment paid by honest individual that allows for the highest level of honesty when there is correlation between signal cost paid by low and high-quality individuals. This holds for both differential benefit and differential cost models as long there is a correlation between signal cost paid by low and high quality individuals. However, increasing equilibrium signal cost poses an obstacle and hinders the evolution of honest signalling when there is no correlation between the cost paid by low and high-quality individuals. Last but not least, we found that the potential cost of cheating is a much better predictor of honesty than the equilibrium cost paid by honest signallers.

scholarly journals The Role of Individual Differences in Sourcing: a Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øistein Anmarkrud ◽  
Ivar Bråten ◽  
Elena Florit ◽  
Lucia Mason
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Literacy Process ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Document Literacy ◽  
Multiple Document

AbstractThis article reviews how individual differences have been conceptualized and researched within the area of multiple document literacy, in particular the extent to which proposed relationships between individual differences and the multiple document literacy process of sourcing have been supported by the empirical research. The findings showed that although the majority of the individual differences included in theoretical models of multiple document literacy have been researched, the empirical backing of proposed relationships is rather ambiguous. Still, in-depth analyses of the most researched individual differences in relation to sourcing revealed some interesting and interpretable patterns. Further, the review suggested that relationships between individual differences and sourcing may vary not only with the way sourcing is measured but also with the domain or topic addressed in the reading materials. We discuss the current status of research on individual differences in the context of multiple document literacy with a focus on sourcing and suggest potential avenues for further clarifications.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Two Short Tests Fail to Detect Vigilance Decrements

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Botella ◽  
María José Contreras ◽  
Pei-Chun Shih ◽  
Víctor Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Job Selection ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Short Test ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

Summary: Deterioration in performance associated with decreased ability to sustain attention may be found in long and tedious task sessions. The necessity for assessing a number of psychological dimensions in a single session often demands “short” tests capable of assessing individual differences in abilities such as vigilance and maintenance of high performance levels. In the present paper two tasks were selected as candidates for playing this role, the Abbreviated Vigilance Task (AVT) by Temple, Warm, Dember, LaGrange and Matthews (1996) and the Continuous Attention Test (CAT) by Tiplady (1992) . However, when applied to a sample of 829 candidates in a job-selection process for air-traffic controllers, neither of them showed discriminative capacity. In a second study, an extended version of the CAT was applied to a similar sample of 667 subjects, but also proved incapable of properly detecting individual differences. In short, at least in a selection context such as that studied here, neither of the tasks appeared appropriate for playing the role of a “short” test for discriminating individual differences in performance deterioration in sustained attention.

Individual Differences in the Name Similarity Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Howard ◽  
Roger A. Kerin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Brand Attitude ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Usage Context

The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual differences exist in susceptibility to those effects. This research reports the results of two experiments that examine the role of self-monitoring in moderating name similarity effects. In the first experiment, name similarity effects on brand attitude and purchase intentions were found to be stronger for respondents high, rather than low, in self-monitoring. In the second experiment, the interactive effect observed in the first study was found to be especially true in a public (vs. private) usage context. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations of name similarity effects as an expression of egotism manifested in the image and impression management concerns of high self-monitors.

The role of ambiguity and individual differences in attributions to prejudice

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart S. Miller ◽  
Jericho M. Hockett ◽  
Conor J. O'Dea ◽  
Derrick F. Till ◽  
Donald A. Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences

The Role of Individual Differences and Motives in Psychological Ownership

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy H. Leonard ◽  
Abhishek Srivastava ◽  
Jack A. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychological Ownership
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