Observations on mating, oviposition, egg sac formation and development in the egg-brooding frog, Fritziana goeldii

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Weygoldt ◽  
Sergio Potsch de Carvalho e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Direct Development ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour ◽  
Mucous Secretion ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Egg Brooding

AbstractThe oviposition behaviour of the egg brooding hylid frog, Fritziana goeldii, is essentially similar to that seen in the genera Gastrotheca and Flectonotus. At the beginning of oviposition, the female extrudes a mucous secretion which is beaten into a foam surrounding all eggs. This later hardens and forms an egg sac which is firmly glued onto the female's back. If it is removed, the lateral partitions which form between embryos disappear immediately. Intracapsular development on the female's back takes 17 days, larval development takes 21 to 24 days. The larvae hatch at stages 30 to 33 and feed on dead conspecific larvae and undeveloped eggs. The observations are discussed with regard to the hypothesis that direct development is the plesiomorphic reproductive mode in hemiphractine frogs and that development through free living larvae is derived. It is our opinion that, as far as Fritziana and Flectonotus are concerend, the evidence in favour of the above hypothesis is not sufficient.

scholarly journals Transfer of cadmium from ants to ant-lions

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Nuorteva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Parallel Difference ◽  
Ant Lion ◽  
Formica Aquilonia ◽  
Sparse Population ◽  
Harmful Effects

Ants have been found to bear exceptionally high loads of Cd and other metals, but are in general quite resistant to the toxic effects of Cd. Possible harmful effects caused to their predators by high Cd content have not been studied. Detection of a sparse population of ant-lions on a beach at Padva in Bromarv, offered the possibility to make some preliminary observations of such harmfull effects. AAS-analyses showed that free-living ant-lion larvae bear a Cd load of 4.5 ppm/dwt in young larvae, 8.5 ppm in old ones. This corresponded approximately to the level occurring in their most important food items in Padva (4.5 ppm mean for workers of Formica rufibarbis Fabricius and 6.1 ppm for foragers of F. fusca Linnaeus). The level of Cd in the single ant-lion imago caught (0.5 ppm) was clearly lower than in larvae. Among the Cdantagonistic metals, Cu showed levels in ant-lions two- or three-fold those found in ants, whereas no parallel difference existed for Zn levels. During larval development the level of the essential Cu diminished to half whereas the level of Zn increased two-fold. The fate of surplus cadmium in the food chain was followed experimentally by feeding a forest-living colony of Formica aquilonia Yarrow with 0.5 kg honey containing 600 mg CdCl2 This elevated the Cd content of surface workers up to a level1 O-f old that considered normal, 90-100 ppm (n = 4), and of the inside workers up to 5-fold, 36-61 ppm (n = 6). When surface workers were fed to ant-lion larvae ad libidum, larval Cd content rose in one week to the level of the food (87 ppm). When the feeding of ant-lion larvae was continued by feeding them inside workers for additional 4 weeks, these larvae showed a Cd level (49 ppm), similar to that of their food; then when the feeding had continued for 8 weeks, the level, however, rose to 120 ppm. All ant-lion larvae, including those with the highest Cd content, were fully active and showed no symptoms of disease. Artificial Cd-feeding had no clear effect on the Cu-levels in ants or ant-lions, but Zn responded by an increase from the natural level of 501-603 ppm to 560-1 200 ppm.

THE TADPOLE OF ZACHAENUS CARVALHOI IZECKSOHN, 1983 (ANURA: CYCLORAMPHIDAE)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4668 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIEGO ALMEIDA-SILVA ◽  
VIVIAN CÉLIA DE OLIVEIRA ROCHA-BARROS ◽  
RODRIGO BARBOSA FERREIRA ◽  
VANESSA KRUTH VERDADE
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Espirito Santo

The genus Zachaenus Cope is the least specious within Cycloramphidae, including two species: Z. carvalhoi Izecksohn, and Z. parvulus (Girard). Both are leaf litter species distributed across Atlantic forest remnants in Southeastern Brazil. Zachaenus carvalhoi occurs westerly in the states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, and Z. parvulus easterly in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo (Verdade et al. 2009; Motta et al. 2010; Salles & Maciel 2010; Oliveira et al. 2012; Guedes et al. 2019; Frost 2019). Both species build terrestrial nests, and larval development is endotrophic nidicolous (reproductive mode 21 after Haddad & Prado 2005; Lutz 1944; Thibaudeau & Altig 1999; Zocca et al. 2014). In this work, we describe the tadpoles of Z. carvalhoi, and discuss morphological aspects regarding other endotrophic tadpoles. 

The ontogeny of trilobite segmentation: a comparative approach

Paleobiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel C. Hughes ◽  
Alessandro Minelli ◽  
Giuseppe Fusco
Keyword(s):  
Direct Development ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Ancestral Condition ◽  
Morphological Transitions ◽  
Posterior Trunk ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Number Of Segments ◽  
Trunk Segments

Ontogenetic stages of trilobites have traditionally been recognized on the basis of the development of exoskeletal segmentation. The established protaspid, meraspid, and holaspid phases relate specifically to the development of articulated joints between exoskeletal elements. Transitions between these phases were marked by the first and last appearances of new trunk segment articulations. Here we propose an additional and complementary ontogenetic scheme based on the generation of new trunk segments. It includes an anamorphic phase during which new trunk segments appeared, and an epimorphic phase during which the number of segments in the trunk remained constant. In some trilobites an ontogenetic boundary can also be recognized at the first appearance of morphologically distinct posterior trunk segments. Comparison of the phase boundaries of these different aspects of segment ontogeny highlights rich variation in the segmentation process among Trilobita. Cases in which the onset of the holaspid phase preceded onset of the epimorphic phase are here termed protarthrous, synchronous onset of both phases is termed synarthromeric, and onset of the epimorphic phase before onset of the holaspid phase is termed protomeric. Although these conditions varied among close relatives and perhaps even intraspecifically in some cases, particular conditions may have been prevalent within some clades.Trilobites displayed hemianamorphic development that was accomplished over an extended series of juvenile and mature free-living instars. Although developmental schedules varied markedly among species, morphological transitions during trilobite development were generally regular, limited in scope, and extended over a large number of instars when compared with those of many living arthropods. Hemianamorphic, direct development with modest change between instars is also seen among basal members of the Crustacea, basal myriapods, pycnogonids, and in some fossil chelicerates. This mode may represent the ancestral condition of euarthropod development.

scholarly journals Oviposition behaviour and larval development ofAnastrepha fraterculusfrom Argentina in citrus

2015 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Ruiz ◽  
M.L. Juárez ◽  
R.A. Alzogaray ◽  
F. Arrighi ◽  
L. Arroyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour

Effect of structurally related flavonoids from Zuccagnia punctata Cav. on Caenorhabditis elegans

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romina E. D’Almeida ◽  
María R. Alberto ◽  
Phillip Morgan ◽  
Margaret Sedensky ◽  
María I. Isla
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Anthelmintic Effect

AbstractZuccagnia punctata Cav. (Fabaceae), commonly called jarilla macho or pus-pus, is being used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and to relieve muscle and bone pain. The aim of this work was to study the anthelmintic effects of three structurally related flavonoids present in aerial parts of Z. punctata Cav. The biological activity of the flavonoids 7-hydroxyflavanone (HF), 3,7-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) and 2´,4´-dihydroxychalcone (DHC) was examined in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results showed that among the assayed flavonoids, only DHC showed an anthelmintic effect and alteration of egg hatching and larval development processes in C. elegans. DHC was able to kill 50% of adult nematodes at a concentration of 17 μg/mL. The effect on larval development was observed after 48 h in the presence of 25 and 50 μg/mL DHC, where 33.4 and 73.4% of nematodes remained in the L3 stage or younger. New therapeutic drugs with good efficacy against drug-resistant nematodes are urgently needed. Therefore, DHC, a natural compound present in Z. punctata, is proposed as a potential anthelmintic drug.

A new species of Chiasmocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru, with possible direct development

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1605 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIŘÍ MORAVEC ◽  
JÖRN KÖHLER
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Direct Development ◽  
A New Species

We describe a new species of microhylid frog of the genus Chiasmocleis from the upper Amazon basin of Peru (area of Iquitos, Departamento Loreto). The new species is characterized by small size, distinct reduction of fingers I and IV and the presence of large unpigmented eggs in the oviducts. The latter character is so far unknown in the recognized species of the genus and may indicate the presence of a terrestrial reproductive mode. The generic placement of the new species is discussed.

V - The development of Haliotis Tuberculata , with special reference to organogenesis during torsion

1937 ◽  
Vol 228 (552) ◽  
pp. 219-268 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Retractor Muscle ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Haliotis Tuberculata ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Selection Of

Investigation of the development of Haliotis tuberculata , Linnaeus, was undertaken as a natural sequel to an examination of the bionomics and anatomy of Haliotis (Crofts 1929, p. 159). It is an attempt to elucidate the organogenesis during the changing larval habits, in the hope of adding to the scanty ontogenetical evidence available towards solving the problems of gastropod evolution. Excellent accounts of the embryonic phase, including patiently worked out details of the cleavage and of gastrulation, have been published for Crepidula (Conklin 1897), Patella (Patten 1886; Wilson 1904; and Smith 1935), Trochus (Robert 1902), Physa (Wierzejski 1905), Dentalium (Wilson 1904). The only comprehensive accounts of gastropod larval development already published are of Paludina (Erlanger 1891; Tonniges 1896; Drummond 1902; Andersen 1924) and of Patella (Patten 1886; Smith I935). The accounts of Paludina elucidate the details of development of the coelom and its derivatives. The viviparous habit and consequent loss of free larval life in Paludina , however, make it a very unsuitable example of gastropod development. Evolutionary stages are more likely to be traced from the development of less specialized gastropods, an adequate selection of whose free-living larval stages can be obtained. The larval development of Patel, Acmaea, Trochus and Haliotis has been described, in varying completeness for the different genera. Patten’s work on Patella coerulea (1886) gives a description only of the beginning of organogenesis. After a lapse of fifty years a more detailed account of the development of P. vulgata has been given by Smith (1935). This work gives a new interpretation of the development of the mesoderm, of the muscles and of the nervous system. The dorsal retractor muscle of the larva, which Patten indicated for P. coerula , is shown in P. vulgata to be placed asymmetrically and torsion takes place “ under the action” of this muscle.

Phylogenetic systematics of egg-brooding frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) and the evolution of direct development

Zootaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4004 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANTIAGO CASTROVIEJO-FISHER ◽  
JOSÉ M. JR. PADIAL ◽  
IGNACIO DE LA RIVA ◽  
JOSÉ P. POMBAL, JR. ◽  
HELIO R. DA SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Development ◽  
Phylogenetic Systematics ◽  
Egg Brooding

scholarly journals “Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella D’Ambra ◽  
Louise Merquiol ◽  
William M. Graham ◽  
John H. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Direct Development ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Hedging Strategy ◽  
Indirect Development ◽  
Polyp Stage ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Reproductive Plasticity ◽  
Scyphozoan Jellyfish

AbstractEcologists and evolutionary biologists have been looking for the key(s) to the success of scyphomedusae through their long evolutionary history in multiple habitats. Their ability to generate young medusae (ephyrae) via two distinct reproductive strategies, strobilation or direct development from planula into ephyra without a polyp stage, has been a potential explanation. In addition to these reproductive modes, here we provide evidence of a third ephyral production which has been rarely observed and often confused with direct development from planula into ephyra. Planulae of Aurelia relicta Scorrano et al. 2017 and Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri 1778) settled and formed fully-grown polyps which transformed into ephyrae within several days. In distinction to monodisk strobilation, the basal polyp of indirect development was merely a non-tentaculate stalk that dissolved shortly after detachment of the ephyra. We provide a fully detailed description of this variant that increases reproductive plasticity within scyphozoan life cycles and is different than either true direct development or the monodisk strobilation. Our observations of this pattern in co-occurrence with mono- and polydisk strobilation in Aurelia spp. suggest that this reproductive mode may be crucial for the survival of some scyphozoan populations within the frame of a bet-hedging strategy and contribute to their long evolutionary success throughout the varied conditions of past and future oceans.

scholarly journals Oviposition behavior and host records for the parasitic midge Trichochilus lacteipennis (Johannsen) (Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
David Harley Funk ◽  
Sherman Roberts ◽  
Alan Graham
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Long Strings ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Elliptio Complanata ◽  
Mussel Species

Adult female Trichochilus lacteipennis were observed to extrude long strings of eggs (up to 15 cm) in flight over a lake in Maine, USA. Once extruded females dropped to the water surface and released the strings. Larvae of T. lacteipennis are parasitic on Elliptio complanata at this site and probably additional unionid mussel species elsewhere. Based on our dissections of parasitized mussels and previous reports, it appears T. lacteipennis spend all or nearly all of their larval life within their mussel host, with first instars initially free-living inside the mantle. At some point larvae enter the marsupium and complete larval development on a diet of mussel eggs and/or glochidia before pupating within the marsupium. 

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