Factors Affecting Agonistic Communication in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)

Behaviour ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 339-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.F. Harlow ◽  
G.W. Møller ◽  
G.D. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis study dealt with factors affecting agonistic communication in rhesus monkeys. Definitions were given for various postures, facial expressions, and vocalizations. The data revealed that such communications depended at least upon the following factors: 1. Age Dominance displays (yawning, threats) increased with age while fear grimaces and vocalizations decreased with age. 2. Sex Dominance displays occurred more often and fear grimaces and vocalizations less often in males than in females. Crook tail should be used with caution as a measure of dominance, at least in subadult rhesus monkeys. The average duration of crook tail seemed to be a more relevant index of dominance than the frequency of crook tail. 3. Rearing Motherless mothering and peer deprivation depressed displays of dominance, while rotated mothering increased dominance displays. Repeated separation produced submissive and dependent behavior; however, calls for social contact (coos) were emitted much more frequently in these animals. This vocalization change was probably a product of social learning. 4. Social stimulus Displays of dominance and submission were dependent upon the nature (i.e., size, age, hostility) of the social partner. 5. Adaptation to the social partner Dominance related behaviors decreased and calls for friendly contact increased as the animal became more familiar with a strange social partner.

Computer-task testing of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the social milieu

Primates ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Washburn ◽  
Stella Harper ◽  
Duane M. Rumbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Social Milieu ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Distribution of Copulatory Plugs in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Danzy ◽  
V. Gutierrez ◽  
J. Pampush ◽  
B. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Cayo Santiago ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Copulatory Plugs

Sociobiology of Rhesus Monkeys Iv: Testing Mason's Hypothesis of Sex Differences in Affective Behavior

Behaviour ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Altmann
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Affective Behavior ◽  
Primate Behavior ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Threat Behavior ◽  
The Social

AbstractDuring a two-year field study of rhesus monkeys, data were obtained that are relevant to a hypothesis, proposed by MASON, GREEN & POSEPANKO (1960), that adult females will show a higher incidence of affective reactions than adult males, including threat behavior and aggressive posturing, and will probably more often be involved in episodes of minor aggression. This hypothesis is here restated in probabilistic terms, and a method is described for quantitative testing of the hypothesis under field conditions. Relevant data from a two-year field study of rhesus monkeys are presented and analyzed. These data gave no indication that females showed a higher incidence of affective responses as a whole, nor that they were more inclined to exhibit the milder forms of agonistic behavior. There was an indication that the affective social behavior of adult males is somewhat more likely to be aggressive than is that of adult females, while the behavior of the adult females is more likely to be submissive. Adult females were more likely to ignore the social partner than were adult males, and were perhaps less likely to lip-smack in affective situations. Among juveniles, the females displayed relatively more affective behavior than did males, as predicted. There was no indication that juvenile females were more likely to ignore their social partner than were males of the same age class. With juveniles, too, there was no indication that the females were more prone to display mild forms of agonism in their affective interactions. While the available data do not confirm the hypothesis of MASON et al., they do support an alternative hypothesis, namely, that in affective behavior, adult males tend, more often than adult females, to lunge, screech, approach, chase, or screech while grimacing, and that females tend, more often than males, to hit, avoid, flee from, or ignore their social partner. Some possible sources of error in this kind of research are discussed; at present the accuracy of generalizations that are made about primate behavior on the basis of field observations is greatly restricted by errors of sampling.

OVARIAN HORMONES AND GROOMING BEHAVIOUR IN THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

1966 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. MICHAEL ◽  
J. HERBERT ◽  
J. WELEGALLA
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Endocrine Factors ◽  
Grooming Behaviour ◽  
Subsequent Addition

SUMMARY Grooming behaviour was studied quantitatively by observing pairs of oppositely sexed, adult rhesus monkeys during regular hourly test sessions over 2 yr.; at all other times the animals were caged singly. Rhythmic fluctuations in both male and female grooming occurred in relation to the menstrual cycle; the grooming times of males reached a maximum near mid-cycle, at which time the females' grooming was at a minimum. In some pairs, there were additional changes in the grooming times immediately before menstruation in the same direction as those near mid-cycle. Bilateral ovariectomy of the female of the pair abolished all rhythmic variations and reduced the grooming of the males. Subcutaneous injections of oestradiol into the ovariectomized female restored the grooming of males to the levels seen near mid-cycle. The subsequent addition of progesterone partially, but always consistently, antagonized the effects of oestradiol. Analysis of the hormone-induced alterations in grooming behaviour indicates a primary influence on the effectiveness of the grooming invitations of females, the proportion accepted by males increasing with oestradiol administration. These findings indicate that endocrine factors play a role in regulating grooming activity which constitutes an important aspect of the social behaviour of primates.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Social-Learning Experience in Nearby Pocket Parks On Campus Ground

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Salih ◽  
Sumarni Ismail ◽  
Nor Atiah Ismail ◽  
Norsidah Ujang ◽  
Nayeem Asif
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Outdoor Education ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Academic Experience ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Education Status

Abstract Nearby pockets on campus grounds have become necessary learning sustainable settings to improve the academic experience by promoting outdoor social and learning activities. However, many universities still focus mainly on formal indoor learning and lack outdoor education that meets modern academic outcomes. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the factors affecting students' social-learning experience in nearby pocket parks on campus ground, focusing on the tropical regions. The current study employed a questionnaire survey conducted in three Malaysian universities to collect data from 408 participants. The results showed various types of influencing factors that affect the social-learning experience in nearby pockets on campus ground, including landscape elements and activities, environmental factors, and access to these spaces. The results also indicated that students' demographics, including gender, education status, and university, influenced the outdoor social-learning experience. The current study contributed information to the development of on-campus sustainable settings for integrating nearby pockets in social interaction and learning activities in order to improve the academic social-learning experience.

scholarly journals Social partner gaze direction and conversational phase; factors affecting social attention during face-to-face conversations in autistic adults?

Autism ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Freeth ◽  
Patricia Bugembe
Keyword(s):  
Social Attention ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Gaze ◽  
Autistic Adults

Social attention is atypical in autism. However, the majority of evidence for this claim comes from studies where the social partner is not physically present and the participants are children. Consequently, to ensure acquisition of a comprehensive overview of social attention in autism, systematic analysis of factors known to influence face-to-face social attention in neurotypicals is necessary and evidence from adulthood is required. This study assessed the influence of experimenter gaze direction (direct or averted) and conversational phase (speaking or listening) on social attention during a face-to-face conversation. Eye-tracking analyses indicated that when the experimenter looked directly at the participant, autistic adults looked at the experimenter’s face less than did neurotypical adults. However, this between-group difference was significantly reduced when the experimenter’s gaze was averted. Therefore, opportunities for reciprocal social gaze are missed by autistic adults when the social partner makes direct eye contact. A greater proportion of time was spent fixating the experimenter’s eye region when participants were speaking compared to listening in both neurotypical and autistic adults. Overall, this study provides a rich picture of the nature of social attention in face-to-face conversations adopted by autistic adults and demonstrates individual variation in social attention styles.

scholarly journals Social networks in the presence and absence of visual cues

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bierbach ◽  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Pawel Romanczuk ◽  
Juliane Lukas ◽  
Lenin Arias-Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Poecilia Mexicana ◽  
The Social ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractWe compared the social dynamics of two populations of the live-bearing Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) that live in adjacent habitats with very different predator regimes: cave mollies that inhabit a low-predation environment inside a sulfidic cave with a low density of predatory water bugs (Belostoma sp.), and mollies that live directly outside the cave (henceforth called “surface” mollies) in a high-predation environment with a high density of fish-eating birds. We filmed the social interactions of marked fish in both environments and analysed their social network dynamics using a Markov model under two different fish densities of 12 and 6 fish per 0.36 m2. As expected, surface mollies spent overall much more time social than cave mollies. This difference in overall social time was a result of surface mollies being less likely to discontinue social contact (once they had a social partner) and being more likely to resume social contact (once alone) than cave mollies. Interestingly surface mollies were also less likely to leave a current social partner than cave mollies. At low density, mollies (in both environments) were expected to show reduced social encounters which should dramatically change their social dynamics. Surface mollies, however, displayed an ability to maintain their social dynamics at low density (primarily by reducing the convex polygon spanned by the group) which was not observed in cave mollies. Despite the fact that we only compared two populations, our data provide a mechanistic explanation for density compensations of social dynamics that have also been observed in other fish species and give an example of how comparisons between the social dynamics of different populations can be made that go beyond conventional network analyses.

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