SOME OF THE DEEP-SEA FAUNA IS ANCIENT

Crustaceana ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1019-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wilson

AbstractDecreasing deep-sea floor temperatures during the mid Cainozoic, and a presumed widespread disoxia in the deep sea prior to this era has lead many authors to suggest that the deep-sea fauna has accumulated during the last 30-40 mybp only. This hypothesis argues for extinction and replacement of earlier faunas. Some taxa, such as the Ostracoda, show extensive taxonomic replacement during the Miocene that is correlated with declining sea floor temperatures. A recent evaluation of the deep Atlantic distribution of major isopod clades, however, demonstrated that two different historical patterns are present. One pattern (''Flabellifera'') conforms to a relatively recent Cainozoic and ongoing colonization of the deep sea, with relative impoverishment of species with depth. The other pattern (Asellota) is one that is rich in deep-sea species, and has a high level of endemic morphological diversity, suggesting a long period of evolution in isolation. Glaciation during the late Palaeozoic and an early phylogenetic origination of the Asellota support the hypothesis that these isopods colonized the deep sea prior to the disoxia events during the Mesozoic and the early Cainozoic. The Mesozoic deep sea is unlikely to have become completely anoxic globally owing to vertical halothermal circulation at low latitudes, allowing the possibility of oxygenated refuges in deep water. Elements of the Palaeozoic fauna, therefore, may have persisted through the Mesozoic without representation in marine shallow waters. Within the isopods, these Palaeozoic relicts have taken two adaptive directions. In freshwater, the Phreatoicidea show morphological stasis, with modern taxa resembling fossils from Carboniferous and Triassic eras. The Asellota, on the other hand, have evolved into a many different morphological types and a huge number of species globally. La diminution de la temperature dans l'ocean profond pendant le Cenozoique ainsi qu'un presume appauvrissement en oxygene apparu avant cette ere a conduit beaucoup d'auteurs a suggerer que la faune profonde ne s'est accumulee que pendant les derniers 30-40 mybp seulement. Cette hypothese plaide pour l'extinction et le remplacement des faunes anterieures. Quelques taxa, tels les Ostracoda, montrent un remplacement taxonomique important pendant le Miocene qui est correle avec les temperatures en baisse de l'ocean profond. Une evaluation recente de la distribution atlantique profonde des clades principaux d'Isopodes montre cependant que deux configurations historiques differentes sont presentes. Une configuration (''Flabellifera'') se conforme a une colonisation Cenozoique recente et continue de la mer profonde, avec un appauvrissement relatif des especes avec la profondeurs. L'autre configuration (Asellota) traduit une grande richesse des especes profondes, et un niveau eleve de diversite morphologique endemique, suggerant une longue periode d'evolution en isolement. Les Glaciations a la fin du Paleozoique et une origine phylogenetique plus ancienne des Asellota supportent l'hypothese que ces Isopodes ont colonises la mer profonde avant les evenements d'appauvrissement en oxygene pendant le Mesozoique et le Cenozoique ancien. La mer profonde du Mesozoique est peu susceptible d'etre devenue completement anoxique en raison, globalement, de la circulation verticale halothermique sous les basses latitudes, ce qui avait permis la possibilite de refuges oxygenes dans l'eau profonde. Les elements de la faune du Paleozoique ont pu donc persister lors du Mesozoique sans representants dans les eaux peu profondes marines. Chez les Isopodes, ces relictes du Pal eozoique ont pris deux directions adaptatives. Dans les eaux douces, les Phreatoicidea montrent une stase morphologique avec des taxa modernes ressemblant a des fossiles du Carbonifere et/ou du Trias. Les Asellota d'autre part, ont evolue en beaucoup de types morphologiques differents et, globalement, en un

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3447 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS ALBERTO DE MOURA BARBOZA ◽  
MICHELA BORGES

Species of ophiuroids in Brazilian waters were last compiled over a decade ago. Since that time, there have been manyimportant contributions with additional diversity and species distribution data. An updated review of the number of records isnecessary, as well as an identification of the gaps related to the taxonomy. We list a total of 133 species that belong to 54genera and 16 families. This number corresponds to approximately 6% of the species described worldwide. All families havebeen registered, and the majority of species belongs to the family Amphiuridae (50spp), which have primarily been recoveredduring surveys of the shallow waters of the continental shelf. On the other hand, numerous new records (e.g. species belongingto the families Ophiacanthidae and Ophiuridae) have been registered in recent years from the deeper margins of Brazil. Asophiuroids are an abundant component of the benthic fauna, increasing occupation of coastal areas and the exploration of energy and mineral resources in the deep sea call for a better knowledge about the diversity and biogeography of the group.


1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Mehedi Imam

In Bangladesh, demand for judicial independence in practice has been a much debated issue and the demand is fulfilled but expectation of people is not only limited to have an independent judiciary but to have an impartial system and cadre of people, which will administer justice rationally being free from fear or force. The independence of judiciary and the impartial judicial practice are related concepts, one cannot sustain without the other and here existence as well as the need of practicing impartiality is well recognized. But the art of practicing impartiality does not develop overnight as it’s related to development of one’s attitude. It takes a considerable time resulting from understanding, appreciating and acknowledging the moral values, ethics and professional responsibility. The judiciary includes Judges, Advocates mostly who are expected to demonstrate a high level of moral values and impartiality towards people seeking justice and ‘rule of law’. This is true that bench officers and clerks are also part of the process to ensure rule of law with same level of participation by the law enforcing agencies such as police. However the paper includes only those who either join judiciary as Judge/Magistrate or Advocate to explore level and extent of ethical knowledge they receive being key role players of the system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v1i2.9628 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2010; 1(2): 34-36


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 991
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Figueira Gomes ◽  
David Draper ◽  
Nascimento Nhantumbo ◽  
Rafael Massinga ◽  
José C. Ramalho ◽  
...  

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a neglected crop native to Africa, with an outstanding potential to contribute to the major challenges in food and nutrition security, as well as in agricultural sustainability. Two major issues regarding cowpea research have been highlighted in recent years—the establishment of core collections and the characterization of landraces—as crucial to the implementation of environmentally resilient and nutrition-sensitive production systems. In this work, we have collected, mapped, and characterized the morphological attributes of 61 cowpea genotypes, from 10 landraces spanning across six agro-ecological zones and three provinces in Mozambique. Our results reveal that local landraces retain a high level of morphological diversity without a specific geographical pattern, suggesting the existence of gene flow. Nevertheless, accessions from one landrace, i.e., Maringué, seem to be the most promising in terms of yield and nutrition-related parameters, and could therefore be integrated into the ongoing conservation and breeding efforts in the region towards the production of elite varieties of cowpea.


Author(s):  
Xikun Song ◽  
Mingxin Lyu ◽  
Xiaodi Zhang ◽  
Bernhard Ruthensteiner ◽  
In-Young Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3271-3278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Ma ◽  
Qiao Ru Hong ◽  
Xin Xin Gao ◽  
Hong Bo Jing ◽  
Che Liu ◽  
...  

AbstractFor the intelligence of metamaterials, the -sensing mechanism and programmable reaction units are two important components for self-recognition and -determination. However, their realization still face great challenges. Here, we propose a smart sensing metasurface to achieve self-defined functions in the framework of digital coding metamaterials. A sensing unit that can simultaneously process the sensing channel and realize phase-programmable capability is designed by integrating radio frequency (RF) power detector and PIN diodes. Four sensing units distributed on the metasurface aperture can detect the microwave incidences in the x- and y-polarizations, while the other elements can modulate the reflected phase patterns under the control of a field programmable gate array (FPGA). To validate the performance, three schemes containing six coding patterns are presented and simulated, after which two of them are measured, showing good agreements with designs. We envision that this work may motivate studies on smart metamaterials with high-level recognition and manipulation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-76
Author(s):  
Sebastian Jäckle

This paper explores the determinants of ministerial duration within the German Länder between 1990 and 2010. In arguing that different terminal events ceasing ministerial tenures should be analyzed separately, it distinguishes four exit types: voluntary, forced, collective (ministers leaving office because their whole party does so) and exits that are neither volitional acts of the minister nor politically induced. Depending on the exit type, competing-risks Cox-models show different effects for one and the same variable on the hazard for ministerial turnover. Seniority in high-level politics for example helps not to be forced out of office while it has no effect on voluntary or collective exits. Heading an important ministry on the other hand increases the chances to rise to other positions in high politics or private business, but does not impact the other two hazards. The analysis furthermore shows that the principal-agent-logic known from Westminster systems with the prime minister being largely sovereign in hiring and firing cabinet members must be adapted to the German context of frequent coalition governments. In coalition governments, only ministers from the same party as the prime minister exhibit higher hazards for forced exits, while ministers from other coalition partners are much safer in that regard.


2013 ◽  
Vol 471 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Mohd Noor Arib Rejab ◽  
Roslan Abd Rahman ◽  
Raja Ishak Raja Hamzah ◽  
Jawaid Iqbal Inayat Hussain ◽  
Nazirah Ahmad ◽  
...  

This paper presents an evaluation on elastomeric mount used to isolate vibration from powertrain to chassis or structure vehicle. The assessments started with measurement of noise inside compartment, and exhaust noise. This is followed by the measurement of vibration on both sides of elastomeric mounts. The noise in the compartment and exhaust noise is measured according to BS 6086: 1981 and BS ISO 5130: 2007. The noise in the compartment and vibration is tested in three conditions. Firstly, engine is run-up with load (driving at second gear); secondly, without load; and thirdly, without load but hanging. A microphone is fixed at the ear of the mannequin. The fast response and A weighting sound level meter were used for measurement noise in the compartment and exhaust noise. The vibration is measured in terms of acceleration on both sides of each elastomeric powertrain mounts. Two accelerometer transducers are fixed on both sides of powertrain elastomeric mounts. One side was identified as a source of vibration and the other as receiver of vibrations. The results showed that the pattern of overall vibration level on source and receiver increased from 1050 RPM (idling) to 4000 RPM on all test conditions. Vibration transmitted to chassis or receiver structure was analyzed using transmissibility concept. By evaluating test condition of engine run-up without load, informed that the front and rear mounts showed a high level transmissibility contributing to structure-borne noise.


Author(s):  
Michel Praet-Van

This ultrastructural investigation of gametogenesis in a deep-sea anemone of the Bay of Biscay trawled around 2000 m depth, contributes to the knowledge of biology and strategy of reproduction of deep-sea benthos.This sea anemone is dioecious. The sperm appears very similar to those of shallow water sea anemones of the genus, Calliactis. The ultrastructural investigation of oogenesis allows the characteristics of the stages of previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis to be defined. The latter begins with a period of lipogenesis correlated with the formation of a trophonema. Mature oocytes measure up to 180 (im in diameter. Study of spermatogenesis and oogenesis reveals that spawning occurs in April/May. In males, the main area of testicular cysts, full of sperm, reaches maximal development from March to May and, in females, the percentage of mature oocytes decreases from 33% in April to 1% in May.Spawning may be induced by the advent in the deep-sea of the products of the spring phytoplankton bloom. This period of spawning, during the increased deposition of organic matter to the deep-sea floor, may be an advantageous strategy for early development of Paracalliactis.


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