Disposal if High Level Radio Active Wastes by Burial in the Sea Floor.

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Hidekazu Yoshikawa

The ultimate disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) becomes a hard issue for sustainable nuclear energy in Japan especially after Fukushima Daiichi accident. In this paper, the difficulty of realizing underground HLW disposal in Japanese islands is first discussed from socio-political aspects. Then, revival of old idea of deep seabed disposal of HLW in Pacific Ocean is proposed as an alternative way of HLW disposal. Although this had been abandoned in the past for the reason that it will violate London Convention which prohibits dumping radioactive wastes in public sea, the author will stress the merit of seabed disposal of HLW deep in Pacific Ocean not only from the view point of more safe and ultimate way of disposing HLWs (both vitrified and spent fuel) than by underground disposal, but also the emergence of new marine project by synergetic collaboration of rare-earth resource exploration from the deep sea floor in Pacific Ocean.


1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28A-37A ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Hinga ◽  
G. Ross Heath ◽  
D. Richard Anderson ◽  
Charles D. Hollister

Crustaceana ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1019-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wilson

AbstractDecreasing deep-sea floor temperatures during the mid Cainozoic, and a presumed widespread disoxia in the deep sea prior to this era has lead many authors to suggest that the deep-sea fauna has accumulated during the last 30-40 mybp only. This hypothesis argues for extinction and replacement of earlier faunas. Some taxa, such as the Ostracoda, show extensive taxonomic replacement during the Miocene that is correlated with declining sea floor temperatures. A recent evaluation of the deep Atlantic distribution of major isopod clades, however, demonstrated that two different historical patterns are present. One pattern (''Flabellifera'') conforms to a relatively recent Cainozoic and ongoing colonization of the deep sea, with relative impoverishment of species with depth. The other pattern (Asellota) is one that is rich in deep-sea species, and has a high level of endemic morphological diversity, suggesting a long period of evolution in isolation. Glaciation during the late Palaeozoic and an early phylogenetic origination of the Asellota support the hypothesis that these isopods colonized the deep sea prior to the disoxia events during the Mesozoic and the early Cainozoic. The Mesozoic deep sea is unlikely to have become completely anoxic globally owing to vertical halothermal circulation at low latitudes, allowing the possibility of oxygenated refuges in deep water. Elements of the Palaeozoic fauna, therefore, may have persisted through the Mesozoic without representation in marine shallow waters. Within the isopods, these Palaeozoic relicts have taken two adaptive directions. In freshwater, the Phreatoicidea show morphological stasis, with modern taxa resembling fossils from Carboniferous and Triassic eras. The Asellota, on the other hand, have evolved into a many different morphological types and a huge number of species globally. La diminution de la temperature dans l'ocean profond pendant le Cenozoique ainsi qu'un presume appauvrissement en oxygene apparu avant cette ere a conduit beaucoup d'auteurs a suggerer que la faune profonde ne s'est accumulee que pendant les derniers 30-40 mybp seulement. Cette hypothese plaide pour l'extinction et le remplacement des faunes anterieures. Quelques taxa, tels les Ostracoda, montrent un remplacement taxonomique important pendant le Miocene qui est correle avec les temperatures en baisse de l'ocean profond. Une evaluation recente de la distribution atlantique profonde des clades principaux d'Isopodes montre cependant que deux configurations historiques differentes sont presentes. Une configuration (''Flabellifera'') se conforme a une colonisation Cenozoique recente et continue de la mer profonde, avec un appauvrissement relatif des especes avec la profondeurs. L'autre configuration (Asellota) traduit une grande richesse des especes profondes, et un niveau eleve de diversite morphologique endemique, suggerant une longue periode d'evolution en isolement. Les Glaciations a la fin du Paleozoique et une origine phylogenetique plus ancienne des Asellota supportent l'hypothese que ces Isopodes ont colonises la mer profonde avant les evenements d'appauvrissement en oxygene pendant le Mesozoique et le Cenozoique ancien. La mer profonde du Mesozoique est peu susceptible d'etre devenue completement anoxique en raison, globalement, de la circulation verticale halothermique sous les basses latitudes, ce qui avait permis la possibilite de refuges oxygenes dans l'eau profonde. Les elements de la faune du Paleozoique ont pu donc persister lors du Mesozoique sans representants dans les eaux peu profondes marines. Chez les Isopodes, ces relictes du Pal eozoique ont pris deux directions adaptatives. Dans les eaux douces, les Phreatoicidea montrent une stase morphologique avec des taxa modernes ressemblant a des fossiles du Carbonifere et/ou du Trias. Les Asellota d'autre part, ont evolue en beaucoup de types morphologiques differents et, globalement, en un


1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Hinga ◽  
G. Ross Heath ◽  
D. Richard Anderson ◽  
Charles D. Hollister

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catur Purwanto ◽  
Purnomo Raharjo

Pulau Miangas merupakan salah satu pulau terluar Indonesia yang berbatasan dengan Filipina. Pulau ini termasuk dalam wilayah Check Point Border Crossing Agreement. Berdasarkan pengamatan lapangan hampir seluruh bagian Pulau Miangas mengalami proses abrasi cukup kuat. Posisi pulau ini berada di laut lepas tanpa ada penghalang baik berupa pulau atau gosong, yang berfungsi sebagai penahan gelombang. Pulau ini dapat berdiri kokoh karena batuan dasarnya mempunyai tingkat resistensi tinggi seperti batuan Gunungapi Miangas yang ditindih secara tidak selaras oleh batugamping koral. Di beberapa bagian pantai rawan terhadap abrasi. Untuk mengurangi akibat abrasi diusulkan dibangun pelindung pantai. Kedalaman air di sekitar pulau ini antara 5 m – 110 m. Laut terdalam terdapat di bagian baratdaya yang berjarak 500 m dari garis pantai. Terdapat tiga jenis pantai di Pulau Miangas yaitu pantai berpasir, berbatu, dan bertebing terjal. Kata Kunci: Kesepakatan titik batas, geografis, abrasi, resistensi, Pulau Miangas Miangas island is one of the outermost islands of Indonesia wich is bordering with Philippines. This island is known as area Check Point Border Crossing Agreement. Based on field observations, almost all parts of the island of Miangas undergoes the process of abrasion that occur are strong enough. This island is located on the high seas without any barrier whether it be other islands or the sandbar that serves as the anchoring of the wave. Although the abrasion occurred in the coastal areas but it is still able to stand firm because the rocks are essentially has a high level of resistance such as Miangas volcanic rock which is covered by unconformity coral limestone. Parts of the coast are resistance to abrasion. To reduce the abrasion are proposed to built coastal protection. The depth of the sea floor that measured is between 5 m-110 m. The inner Area is approximately 500 m from the shoreline. There are three types of the beach on the Miangas island such as sandy beaches, rocky, and hilly beach. Keywords: Check Point Border Crossing Agreement, geographical, abrasion, resistance, Miangas island


Author(s):  
David P. Bazett-Jones ◽  
Mark L. Brown

A multisubunit RNA polymerase enzyme is ultimately responsible for transcription initiation and elongation of RNA, but recognition of the proper start site by the enzyme is regulated by general, temporal and gene-specific trans-factors interacting at promoter and enhancer DNA sequences. To understand the molecular mechanisms which precisely regulate the transcription initiation event, it is crucial to elucidate the structure of the transcription factor/DNA complexes involved. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) provides the opportunity to visualize individual DNA molecules. Enhancement of DNA contrast with ESI is accomplished by imaging with electrons that have interacted with inner shell electrons of phosphorus in the DNA backbone. Phosphorus detection at this intermediately high level of resolution (≈lnm) permits selective imaging of the DNA, to determine whether the protein factors compact, bend or wrap the DNA. Simultaneously, mass analysis and phosphorus content can be measured quantitatively, using adjacent DNA or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as mass and phosphorus standards. These two parameters provide stoichiometric information relating the ratios of protein:DNA content.


Author(s):  
J. S. Wall

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-761
Author(s):  
Tess K. Koerner ◽  
Melissa A. Papesh ◽  
Frederick J. Gallun

Purpose A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information from clinical audiologists about rehabilitation options for adult patients who report significant auditory difficulties despite having normal or near-normal hearing sensitivity. This work aimed to provide more information about what audiologists are currently doing in the clinic to manage auditory difficulties in this patient population and their views on the efficacy of recommended rehabilitation methods. Method A questionnaire survey containing multiple-choice and open-ended questions was developed and disseminated online. Invitations to participate were delivered via e-mail listservs and through business cards provided at annual audiology conferences. All responses were anonymous at the time of data collection. Results Responses were collected from 209 participants. The majority of participants reported seeing at least one normal-hearing patient per month who reported significant communication difficulties. However, few respondents indicated that their location had specific protocols for the treatment of these patients. Counseling was reported as the most frequent rehabilitation method, but results revealed that audiologists across various work settings are also successfully starting to fit patients with mild-gain hearing aids. Responses indicated that patient compliance with computer-based auditory training methods was regarded as low, with patients generally preferring device-based rehabilitation options. Conclusions Results from this questionnaire survey strongly suggest that audiologists frequently see normal-hearing patients who report auditory difficulties, but that few clinicians are equipped with established protocols for diagnosis and management. While many feel that mild-gain hearing aids provide considerable benefit for these patients, very little research has been conducted to date to support the use of hearing aids or other rehabilitation options for this unique patient population. This study reveals the critical need for additional research to establish evidence-based practice guidelines that will empower clinicians to provide a high level of clinical care and effective rehabilitation strategies to these patients.


2006 ◽  
Vol 175 (4S) ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
Rile Li ◽  
Hong Dai ◽  
Thomas M. Wheeler ◽  
Anna Frolov ◽  
Gustavo Ayala

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