scholarly journals Reaching for the Tree of Life: The Role of Eating, Drinking, Fasting, and Symbolic Foodstuffs in 4 Ezra

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter-Ben Smit
Keyword(s):  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Narrative Progression

This paper considers the role of foodstuffs and their (non-)consumption in 4 Ezra. While foodstuffs figure prominently in 4 Ezra, no prior research has been conducted on food and 4 Ezra. The paper argues that both the narrative progression of the work and significant parts of 4 Ezra are expressed through foodstuffs.

scholarly journals A comparative approach to understanding selection on extracellular secretion

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dewar ◽  
Joshua Thomas ◽  
Melanie Ghoul ◽  
Ashleigh Griffin ◽  
Stuart West
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Mobile Elements ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Gene Content ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Extracellular Secretion ◽  
Bacterial Genes

Many bacterial genes encode proteins that are secreted extracellularly. These proteins can be considered cooperative because all surrounding cells can benefit from their production. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that these cooperative genes would more frequently lie on mobile elements, such as plasmids, which can transfer to other cells. This could stabilise cooperation, leading to the prediction that plasmids should carry proportionally more cooperative genes than the less mobile chromosome. However, it is unknown whether this prediction holds across the bacterial tree of life. To address this, we analysed the gene content of the chromosome and plasmid(s) of 1620 genomes comprising 51 diverse bacterial species. We find that across species analysed, plasmids do not carry proportionally more cooperative genes than the chromosome. Contrary to prediction, the role of mobile elements in promoting cooperative behaviour is highly variable across bacterial species.

The Role of Narrative in Educational Games and Simulations

2011 ◽  
pp. 1417-1433
Author(s):  
Jim Bizzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Educational Games ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Interactive Environments ◽  
Games And Simulations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Narrative Progression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Learning Projects ◽  
Analytical Utility

This chapter examines the relationship of story, interaction, and learning through a close view of the role of narrative in two SAGE for Learning projects: Contagion and COMPS. The combination of narrative with an interactive multi-mediated environment can enhance the learning experience. In interactive environments, the standard narrative arc has limited analytical utility; in its place, we use a framework of more focused and particular narrative components, with the following components: storyworld, character, emotion, narrativized interface, micro-narrative and narrative progression. This framework is used to analyze Contagion and COMPS, revealing the underlying narrative dynamics that drive the design, and support the learning experiences that they make possible.

Epilogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Microbial Evolution ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Viral Genes ◽  
Biochemical Systems

This chapter reveals the importance of bacterial sex in evolution. After scientists realized that antibiotic resistance and the development of MDR pathogens were caused by bacterial sex, some evolutionary biologists began to wonder about the potential role of HGT in evolution. Scientists speculated that mobile genes might have played a significant role in microbial evolution. James Shapiro has argued genome change in evolution results from a natural genetic engineering process utilizing the biochemical systems for reorganizing DNA structures present in living cells. For billions of years—from the beginning of evolution—bacteria have been transferring genes horizontally, between species and therefore between lineages, interconnecting the branches on the tree of life. The promiscuous process that has scrambled the tree of life is bacterial sex, discovered by Joshua and Esther Lederberg as a laboratory curiosity that helped uncover the molecular secretes of bacterial and viral genes.

The Role of Narrative in Educational Games and Simulations

2010 ◽  
pp. 68-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Bizzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Educational Games ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Interactive Environments ◽  
Games And Simulations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Narrative Progression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Learning Projects ◽  
Analytical Utility

This chapter examines the relationship of story, interaction, and learning through a close view of the role of narrative in two SAGE for Learning projects: Contagion and COMPS. The combination of narrative with an interactive multi-mediated environment can enhance the learning experience. In interactive environments, the standard narrative arc has limited analytical utility; in its place, we use a framework of more focused and particular narrative components, with the following components: storyworld, character, emotion, narrativized interface, micro-narrative and narrative progression. This framework is used to analyze Contagion and COMPS, revealing the underlying narrative dynamics that drive the design, and support the learning experiences that they make possible.

Parodies of the Pre-Raphaelite Ballad Refrain

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Oscar Wilde ◽  
Walter Pater ◽  
Making Meaning ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Narrative Progression

Carolyn Williams, “Parodies of the Pre-Raphaelite Ballad Refrain” (pp. 227–255) Parodies of literary ballads changed over the course of the nineteenth century, as did their implicit commentaries on practices of poetic revival in general. In the 1870s and 1880s a focused reaction against the Pre-Raphaelite ballad refrain has much to show us about the function of the refrain, which operates as a timing device yet also guides a gradual increase in the ballad’s incrementally modulated sense of pain, making meaning by turning away from narrative progression and meaning-making. Debates about the poetics of revival, a subject across the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, culminate in the great theorizations of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde, who both comment on the ballad refrain. The dynamics of literary history may also be illuminated by this attention to parodies of the ballad refrain, for the role of the refrain within any given ballad may be seen as homologous to the role of parody within literary history—simultaneously interrupting, turning away, and binding a sense of continuity. This essay glances at the ballads of “Bon Gaultier” (1845) and demonstrates the general parodic interest in—and defenses of—the Pre-Raphaelite ballad refrain later in the century, before attending to parodies of D. G. Rossetti’s “Sister Helen” (1870, 1881) by Robert Buchanan in 1871 and Henry Duff Traill in 1882.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Dragline Initiation in Spiders: Multiple Transitions from Multi- to Single-Gland Usage

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas O. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Spider Silk ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Silk Glands ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Major Impediment ◽  
Plesiomorphic State

Despite the recognition of spider silk as a biological super-material and its dominant role in various aspects of a spider’s life, knowledge on silk use and silk properties is incomplete. This is a major impediment for the general understanding of spider ecology, spider silk evolution and biomaterial prospecting. In particular, the biological role of different types of silk glands is largely unexplored. Here, I report the results from a comparative study of spinneret usage during silk anchor and dragline spinning. I found that the use of both anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) and posterior median spinnerets (PMS) is the plesiomorphic state of silk anchor and dragline spinning in the Araneomorphae, with transitions to ALS-only use in the Araneoidea and some smaller lineages scattered across the spider tree of life. Opposing the reduction to using a single spinneret pair, few taxa have switched to using all ALS, PMS and the posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) for silk anchor and dragline formation. Silk fibres from the used spinnerets (major ampullate, minor ampullate and aciniform silk) were generally bundled in draglines after the completion of silk anchor spinning. Araneoid spiders were highly distinct from most other spiders in their draglines, being composed of major ampullate silk only. This indicates that major ampullate silk properties reported from comparative measurements of draglines should be handled with care. These observations call for a closer investigation of the function of different silk glands in spiders.

scholarly journals Pathogen resistance may be the principal evolutionary advantage provided by the microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. McLaren ◽  
Benjamin J. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Direct Inhibition ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Host Evolution

To survive, plants and animals must continually defend against pathogenic microbes that would invade and disrupt their tissues. Yet they do not attempt to extirpate all microbes. Instead, they tolerate and even encourage the growth of commensal microbes, which compete with pathogens for resources and via direct inhibition. We argue that hosts have evolved to cooperate with commensals in order to enhance the pathogen resistance this competition provides. We briefly describe competition between commensals and pathogens within the host, consider how natural selection might favour hosts that tilt this competition in favour of commensals, and describe examples of extant host traits that may serve this purpose. Finally, we consider ways that this cooperative immunity may have facilitated the adaptive evolution of non-pathogen-related host traits. On the basis of these observations, we argue that pathogen resistance vies with other commensal-provided benefits for being the principal evolutionary advantage provided by the microbiome to host lineages across the tree of life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

scholarly journals Compartmentalization drives the evolution of symbiotic cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Chomicki ◽  
Gijsbert D. A. Werner ◽  
Stuart A. West ◽  
E. Toby Kiers
Keyword(s):  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Nutrient Provisioning ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
And Control

Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts to spatially separate symbionts, termed compartmentalization, is a common mechanism used by hosts. Such compartmentalization allows hosts to: (i) isolate symbionts and control their reproduction; (ii) reward cooperative symbionts and punish or stop interactions with non-cooperative symbionts; and (iii) reduce direct conflict among different symbionts strains in a single host. Compartmentalization has allowed hosts to increase the benefits that they obtain from symbiotic partners across a diversity of interactions, including legumes and rhizobia, plants and fungi, squid and Vibrio , insects and nutrient provisioning bacteria, plants and insects, and the human microbiome. In cases where compartmentalization has not evolved, we ask why not. We argue that when partners interact in a competitive hierarchy, or when hosts engage in partnerships which are less costly, compartmentalization is less likely to evolve. We conclude that compartmentalization is key to understanding the evolution of symbiotic cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor
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