The Evolution of Dragline Initiation in Spiders: Multiple Transitions from Multi- to Single-Gland Usage

Despite the recognition of spider silk as a biological super-material and its dominant role in various aspects of a spider’s life, knowledge on silk use and silk properties is incomplete. This is a major impediment for the general understanding of spider ecology, spider silk evolution and biomaterial prospecting. In particular, the biological role of different types of silk glands is largely unexplored. Here, I report the results from a comparative study of spinneret usage during silk anchor and dragline spinning. I found that the use of both anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) and posterior median spinnerets (PMS) is the plesiomorphic state of silk anchor and dragline spinning in the Araneomorphae, with transitions to ALS-only use in the Araneoidea and some smaller lineages scattered across the spider tree of life. Opposing the reduction to using a single spinneret pair, few taxa have switched to using all ALS, PMS and the posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) for silk anchor and dragline formation. Silk fibres from the used spinnerets (major ampullate, minor ampullate and aciniform silk) were generally bundled in draglines after the completion of silk anchor spinning. Araneoid spiders were highly distinct from most other spiders in their draglines, being composed of major ampullate silk only. This indicates that major ampullate silk properties reported from comparative measurements of draglines should be handled with care. These observations call for a closer investigation of the function of different silk glands in spiders.

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From Organizations of Processes to Organisms and Other Biological Individuals

10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0010 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Argyris Arnellos

Keyword(s):

Multicellular Organism ◽

Collaborative Networks ◽

Biological Role ◽

Regulatory Processes ◽

Different Types ◽

Organizational Framework

The emphasis on the collaborative dimension of life overlooks the importance of biological individuals (conceived of as integrated, self-maintaining organizations) in the build-up of more complex collaborative networks in the course of evolution. This chapter proposes a process-based organizational ontology for biology, according to which the essential features of unicellular organismicality are captured by a self-maintaining organization of processes integrated by means of a special type of collaboration (realized through regulatory processes entailing an indispensable interdependence) between its constitutive and its interactive aspects. This ontology is then used to describe different types of collaborations among cells and to suggest the type that yields a multicellular organism. The proposed organizational framework enables us to critically assess hypercollaborative views of life, especially issues related to the distinction between biological individuals and organisms and between life and non-life, without however underestimating the central biological role of collaboration.

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Daarom is Reclame Dan Ook Interessant Voor De Tekstwetenschap

Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen ◽

10.1075/ttwia.28.10and ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 104-117

Author(s):

Els Andringa

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Product Quality ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Written Language ◽

Causal Relationships ◽

The Third ◽

Argumentative Structure ◽

Positive Quality

From general advertising tasks and strategies three hypotheses about connectivity in advertisement texts were derived: 1. In advertisements the number of connectors will be comparatively high. 2. The number of subordinating connectors, however, will be low. 3. Connectors which semantically possess an argumentative or rhetoric quality will play a dominant role. These hypotheses were tested in a comparative study of written advertising language and other kinds of written texts. Hypothesis 1 and 2 were supported. In testing the third hypothesis it was found that the connectors of addition and of causation are more frequent in advertising than in other written language, but that adversatives are not. In a qualitative analysis the role of causal relationships was worked out. It was found that their functions fitted the tasks of advertising texts from which the hypotheses originated very well. At least five functions have been found: 1. Causal connectors often relate two different product qualities to each other. 2. They do this by putting these qualities in an argumentative structure of the following form: Product quality (P) conclusion> General positive quality (C) or: Ρ explanation 3. When the generalizing difference between (P) and (C) is not very strong, the structure becomes one of tautological repetition. In this way a product quality may be accentuated.

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Dominant role of local-moment interactions in the magnetic ordering of iron pnictide superconductors: A comparative study of arsenides and antimonides from first principles

Physical Review B ◽

10.1103/physrevb.80.054522 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 80 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Chang-Youn Moon ◽

Se Young Park ◽

Hyoung Joon Choi

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

First Principles ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Magnetic Ordering ◽

Local Moment ◽

Iron Pnictide ◽

Pnictide Superconductors

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An Analysis of Differences in the Role of Friendships and the School Class in Children’s Perceptions of Bullying in England and Ijime in Japan: A Translation and Expansion of Kanetsuna (2009)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18158234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 8234

Author(s):

Tomoyuki Kanetsuna ◽

Peter K. Smith

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Comparative Study ◽

English Translation ◽

School Class ◽

Friendship Formation ◽

Different Types ◽

The Difference ◽

Perceptions Of Bullying ◽

The Impact

This is an English translation with some expansion of the article originally published in Japanese as a university bulletin in 2009. Previous research has found both differences and similarities between ijime in Japan and bullying in England. Bullying is often by pupils in different classes or higher year groups whom the victim does not know very well; ijime is often by victims’ classmates whom the victim knows very well. However, it has not been shown whether these differences are found for all types of bullying, or how they relate to friendships generally and the impact of differing school systems. We aimed to see whether previously found differences between ijime and bullying could be replicated, and, if so, whether they held for six different types of victimization, and whether friendship characteristics were consistent with explaining why they occur. To investigate the role of friendships and their location, 1036 Japanese and 931 English secondary school pupils participated in a comparative study of perceptions of bullying and ijime. The previous differences were confirmed and found to hold irrespective of type of bullying. Japanese pupils mainly formed friendships on a class basis, English pupils on a broader basis including pupils in different years. In school, English pupils spent much time in the playground with their friends and saw this as a likely venue for bullying, whereas Japanese pupils spent more time in the classroom and saw this as a likely venue for ijime. The difference in friendship formation, together with differences in the organization of class-based teaching in the two countries, are hypothesized to play a significant role in explaining some differences between bullying and ijime.

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Research of Facts Devices for Stability

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.b1109.0882s819 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2S8) ◽

pp. 1585-1590

Keyword(s):

Stability Analysis ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Power System ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Great Demand ◽

Facts Devices ◽

Analysis Methods ◽

The People ◽

Different Types

Nowadays the consumption and need for the power is more hence there is great demand on power consumption by the people which may often cause instability in power system. This instability in Voltage or current in the power system can be controlled using various kinds of facts device. Hence, this paper explains the role of the facts devices in maintenance of stability and their optimal placements in power system. Thus this paper gives a comprehensive and comparative study of different types of facts device and their role in Voltage or transients stability analysis methods.

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Management Control for Stimulating Different Types of Creativity: The Role of Budgets

Journal of Management Accounting Research ◽

10.2308/jmar-51789 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Martine Cools ◽

Kristof Stouthuysen ◽

Alexandra Van den Abbeele

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Creative Process ◽

Management Control ◽

Management Control System ◽

Diagnostic Use ◽

Different Types ◽

Per Se ◽

The Way

ABSTRACT In this paper, we examine the role of budgets as a central instrument within the management control system (MCS) in a creative context. In particular we investigate whether creative firms characterized by different kinds of creativity use their budgets in a similar way. We hereby distinguish between expected creativity (for open, self-discovered problems) and responsive creativity (for closed, presented problems) (Unsworth 2001) and investigate the interactive versus diagnostic use of budgets (Simons 1990, 1991, 1995). Based on a comparative study involving four creative firms, we find that creative firms, being mainly characterized by expected creativity, use their budgets in a more interactive way. In creative firms in which responsive creativity is most important, the budgets are used in a rather diagnostic way. This study contributes to the management control literature by acknowledging that a diagnostic use of budgets does not per se stifle creativity. Instead, it is important to understand that the specific creative context might have implications for the way in which MCS instruments are used to sustain the creative process.

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Immunohistochemical evaluation and biological role of stromal myofibroblasts in odontogenic keratocyst, dentigerous cyst, and ameloblastoma: A comparative study

New Nigerian Journal of Clinical Research ◽

10.4103/2250-9658.187181 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Swati Roy ◽

Satevanthan Hemavathy ◽

Vipul Garg

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Dentigerous Cyst ◽

Biological Role ◽

Odontogenic Keratocyst

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The Impact of Social Media on Risk Communication of Disasters—A Comparative Study Based on Sina Weibo Blogs Related to Tianjin Explosion and Typhoon Pigeon

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17030883 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 883 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tiezhong Liu ◽

Huyuan Zhang ◽

Hubo Zhang

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Information Transmission ◽

Risk Communication ◽

Information Dissemination ◽

Sina Weibo ◽

The Social ◽

Different Types ◽

The Impact

Social media has brought opportunities and challenges to risk communication of disasters by undermining the monopoly of traditional news media. This paper took blogs about Tianjin Explosion and Typhoon Pigeon posted through Sina Weibo as empirical objects. Moreover, the paper used the analytical method of social network to conduct a comparative study on the network structures of information disseminated among different types of disasters, with the goal of uncovering the impact of social media on different types of risk communication of disasters. The result shows a different impact of the risk communication on the two types of disasters. While the role of social media for the risk communication of natural disasters is mainly to influence information dissemination, the roles of social media for the risk communication of man-made disasters are to transmit information as well as to communicate emotions. The differences seen within the structure of social media networks are causes differences in functions. Specifically, the structure for the social media communication network on man-made disasters takes on a “core - periphery structure” which is endowed with both information communication and emotional communication functions. Also, the role of the opinion leaders for the subnet is found to be significant while the communication within small groups is kept pretty active; additionally, the slow speed of information transmission of the network could result in easily distorted information. On top of that, the network is characterized with intense vulnerability to the attacks on core nodes. In contrast, the social media network for natural disaster risk communication is not seen with an obvious “peripheral-core” structure which is a relatively pure information transmission network with relatively equal principal status. In other words, the entire network is found with stronger connectivity and relatively faster information transmission speed. Furthermore, the nodes inside the network are found to have weaker control over information transmission. In sum, the research results are helpful in improving the risk communication theory based on social relations, optimizing the communication structure of disaster information so as to change the effect of risk communication.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CROSSOVER OPERATORS FOR GENETIC ALGORITHMS TO SOLVE TRAVELLING SALESMAN PROBLEM

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i2.2017.1740 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 284-291

Author(s):

Wafaa Mustafa Hameed ◽

Asan Baker Kanbar

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithms ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Traveling Salesman Problem ◽

Travelling Salesman Problem ◽

Traveling Salesman ◽

Crossover Operator ◽

Natural Evolution ◽

Different Types ◽

The Traveling Salesman Problem

Genetic algorithms (GAs) represent a method that mimics the process of natural evolution in effort to ﬁnd good solutions. In that process, crossover operator plays an important role. To comprehend the genetic algorithms as a whole, it is necessary to understand the role of a crossover operator. Today, there are a number of different crossover operators that can be used , one of the problems in using genetic algorithms is the choice of crossover operator Many crossover operators have been proposed in literature on evolutionary algorithms, however, it is still unclear which crossover operator works best for a given optimization problem. This paper aims at studying the behavior of different types of crossover operators in the performance of genetic algorithm. These types of crossover are implemented on Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP); Whitley used the order crossover (OX) depending on specific parameters to solve the traveling salesman problem, the aim of this paper is to make a comparative study between order crossover (OX) and other types of crossover using the same parameters which was Whitley used.

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