Julius Nyerere: from a Territorial Nationalist to a Pan African Nationalist

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-332
Author(s):  
Ng’wanza Kamata
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
African Unity ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
African Nationalism

Abstract Africa has largely experienced two types of nationalism namely territorial nationalism and Pan Africanism. Both territorial and Pan African nationalism were anti-imperialists but the former’s mission was limited to attainment of independence from colonialism. Few nationalist leaders who led their countries to independence transcended territorial nationalism; one of them was Julius Nyerere of Tanzania. Nyerere was a Pan African nationalist although he began as a nationalist concerned with the liberation of his country Tanganyika. He spent most of his political life championing for African Unity believing that it was the only instrument to totally liberate Africa. How did his ideas and practices which initially placed him in the ranks of territorial nationalists advance into Pan Africanism? This article examines this question and explores Nyerere’s aspects of Pan Africanism.

scholarly journals Pan-Africanism in the 21st century: African union and the challenges of cooperation and integration in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-311
Author(s):  
Sharkdam Wapmuk
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
African Union ◽  
African Unity ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Agenda 2063

The paper examines the extent to which Pan-Africanism and Pan-African vision of promoting African unity, cooperation and integration has been achieved under the African Union (AU) in the 21st century. It also assesses the challenges of cooperation and integration under the AU. The paper adopted a qualitative approach, while data was gathered from secondary sources and analysed thematically. It notes that the quest for African cooperation and integration is not new, but dates back to philosophy and vision of Pan-Africanism and Pan-African movement from the 1950s and 1960s. This movement later took roots in the continent and championed the struggle of Africans and peoples of African descent for emancipation and the restoration of their dignity, against slavery, colonialism and all forms of racism and racial exploitation, and to overcome developmental challenges. After independence, the Pan-African movement found concrete expression in the establishment of the Organization of Africa Unity (OAU) in 1963, and later transformed to the African Union (AU) in 2002. These continental organisations have served at platforms for the pursuit of Africa cooperation and integration and addressing post-independence challenges with varying successes. The paper revealed that AU’s Pan-African agenda in the 21st century including the African Economic Community (AEC), AU Agenda 2063, and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), are not without challenges. Addressing these challenges holds the key to achieving the continental goal of unity and achieving the vision and goals pan-Africanism in the 21st century in Africa.

‘LET US RALLY AROUND THE FLAG’: FOOTBALL, NATION-BUILDING, AND PAN-AFRICANISM IN KWAME NKRUMAH'S GHANA

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Darby
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
African Unity ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Cultural Form ◽  
Kwame Nkrumah ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Scientific

AbstractThe nationalistic fervour that greeted Ghana's performances in the 2010 football World Cup in South Africa powerfully evoked memories of an earlier period in the history of the Ghanaian state that witnessed Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of independent Ghana, draw on the game as a rallying point for nation-building and pan-African unity. This article uncovers this history by analysing Nkrumah's overt politicisation of football in the late colonial and immediate postcolonial periods. This study not only makes a novel contribution to the growing historical and social scientific literature on what is arguably Africa's most pervasive popular cultural form but also deepens our understanding of one of the continent's most significant political figures.

Nkrumah, Nationalism, and Pan-Africanism: The Bureau of African Affairs Collection

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Grilli
Keyword(s):  
Pan African ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liberation Movements ◽  
Domestic Policies ◽  
African Nationalism

Abstract:The article describes the Bureau of African Affairs Collection. First it introduces the history of the archive by examining the crucial events that influenced its state and accessibility. Then, it describes the contents of the collection, underlying its importance for the study of Kwame Nkrumah’s domestic and foreign policies and African nationalism at a continental level. The documents included in the Bureau of African Affairs Collection provide unique insights into both Nkrumah’s foreign and domestic policies. In particular, they include invaluable information on his Pan-African policy. Moreover, the documents shed new light on the presence of African liberation movements in Ghana in the period 1957 to 1966. Thus, this Collection can attract scholars interested in both Ghanaian history as well as the history of Pan-Africanism and African nationalism at a continental level.

The Charter of the Organization of African Unity

1965 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. Elias
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
African Unity ◽  
United Arab Republic ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Organization Of African Unity ◽  
Independent States

Early in 1961, the President of Liberia, the Prime Minister of Nigeria, and the Prime Minister of Sierra Leone decided to act as joint sponsors of a conference of the leaders of all the independent African states for the purpose of promoting inter-African co-operation. Liberia, as the the oldest of the three sponsoring states, graciously offered to play host. The idea was that all the African states that were independent at that time were ipso facto eligible for membership of the conference. This conference would include the small group of independent African states, usually referred to as the Casablanca bloc, consisting of the United Arab Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mali and Morocco. This group had signed the Casablanca Charter which was a brief document setting out the aims and purposes of the organization, among which were schemes of economic and social co-operation and the establishment of an African High Command for the purpose of self-defense of its members as well as for that of ridding the continent of Africa of all forms of colonialism. When, therefore, the decision was taken by the three sponsoring states to call a Pan-African conference, it was envisaged that all the then independent states in Africa, including the so-called Casablanca bloc states, would attend and take a full part in its deliberations.

scholarly journals T. Ras Makonnen: Pan-Africanism in practice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lee Hughes
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
International Scale ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Biographical Account ◽  
Formative Years

This thesis will provide a biographical account of T. Ras Makonnen. It will focus specifically on his life as a Pan-African activist. In three parts, we will explore the development, implementation and shortcomings of Makonnen’s Pan-African vision. This will be achieved by analysing Makonnen’s formative years in Guyana, North America and Europe. We will then explore Makonnen’s successes in Manchester. And finally, we will assess Makonnen’s limitations in Ghana, where he sought to implement Pan-Africanism on a national and international scale.

scholarly journals Reconciling Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism: The North African Leadership Dilemma

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Radwa Saad
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Effective Leadership ◽  
The State ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
African Leadership ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict

The purpose of this research to examine the challenges Arab leaders face in simultaneously adhering to Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism and extract conditions in which the two ideologies can be reconciled to produce mutual benefits. This study poses the question: what strategies do North-African leaders deploy to balance their Pan-Arab and Pan-African commitments and what repercussions do these strategies have on the state of Arab-African relations? By drawing on two scenarios where Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism conflicted, namely the 1967-1979 Arab-Israeli Conflict and the 2011 Libyan civil war, it will highlight the role leadership can play in mediating such tensions. The study finds that it is only through the decrease of hegemonic pursuits and the increase in effective leadership processes both domestically and regionally that the two ideologies can coexist.

The Education of Marcus Mosiah Garvey

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Marcus Garvey ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right

This chapter contends that the education of Marcus Garvey was both grounded in the decades-old discourse of global pan-Africanism and shaped by the ferment of his era. His youthful experiences and experiments in Jamaica, Central America, and Europe—many of which seem to fly in the face of popular understandings of Garvey and Garveyism—suggest much about the diversity of the pan-African tradition out of which he emerged, and hint at the model of politics Garvey ultimately embraced. Proscribing neither radicalism nor conservatism, neither boldness nor caution, neither separatism nor interracial cooperation, the pan-African tradition offered clever and ambitious activists like Marcus Garvey a “potter's clay” that, under the right conditions, might unite a scattered race.

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