Coordination between the eu Member States’ Embassies and the eu Delegation in Turkey: A Case of European Diplomatic Representation

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özlem Terzi
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Member States ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Neighbouring Region ◽  
Host Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

Summary This article analyses how the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty have influenced the performance of the eu Delegation in Ankara and the relationship between the eu Delegation, member states’ embassies and Turkish government during times of crisis. Based on numerous interviews, the article analyses how European diplomacy conducted by the eu Delegation and eu member states’ embassies functions in three categorically different situations: 1) a political crisis in the host country; 2) an international crisis involving a neighbouring region to the host country; and 3) negotiations between the host government and the eu on an issue important for eu member states, against the background of a stalled accession process. Based on an investigation of the relationship of the eu Delegation, eu member states’ embassies and Turkey in those three distinct contexts, the article sheds light on the opportunities and constraints of the new way of European diplomatic representation.

scholarly journals TAX GAP AS A TOOL FOR MEASURING VAT EVASION IN THE EU COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
ALENA ANDREJOVSKÁ ◽  
VERONIKA KONEČNÁ ◽  
JANA HAKALOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tax Gap ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

VAT is one of the most decisive tax revenues sources in the EU Member States. Due to financial frauds and insufficient tax system, there is a billion loss of EUR every year in the European budget. The article deals with the impact of the tax evasion on economies of the EU Member States. By applying the top-down approach, we observed tax gaps as a quantifier of tax evasion from 2004 to 2017. The period around the economic crisis in 2009 was examined in more detail, as there was a sharp change in the evolution of tax gaps. We constructed a regression model, which examined the relationship of the tax gap and VAT tax revenues to selected determinants of tax evasion. The results showed that tax gaps in the Member States have been growing every year. We also found that there is an increase in tax revenues, but tax liabilities increase to greater extent.

scholarly journals Growing Significance of EU Institutions in Promotion of Inter-regional policies

2014 ◽  
pp. 222-230
Author(s):  
E. V. Ermakova
Keyword(s):  
Political Crisis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Member States ◽  
Belgian Society ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Regional Policies ◽  
Regional Committee ◽  
Walloon Region ◽  
The Eu

The article explores the variety of tools and vehicles applied within the EU to expand the prerogative of the regions of the EU member states. The author uses as an example the inter-regional policies in Belgium in respect of the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region. The author analyzes the mechanisms of promotion of external regional relations in Belgium as a means of addressing different problems both on national and all-European level, supporting the arguments and conclusions by examples of relevant EU initiatives. The article details the activities of the EU Regional Committee (RC), the EU advisory body with the powers of political initiative, upholding the principle ofsubsidarity in the implementation of the EU member states' regional policies. The involvement of the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region in the activities of EU RC is described and summarized. As a case study, the article deals with Belgium's rotating six months presidency in the EUin 2010 when the country, which was going through a severe political crisis with no federal government in place, was represented by the two regions. The special focus of the article is on the strategic EU program "Europe2020" and its implementation by the regions of Belgium. There is an account of the initiatives undertaken by the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region within the framework of this program outlining the interaction of the two regions. The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region with various EU institutions describing how each party achieves the promotion of its regional interests. Within this context, it is a noteworthy development that the Flemish Region is participating in the international program "Pact 2020" on energy all by its own. The article features quotations by Flemish and Walloon political figures which serve as an illustration of the prevailing attitudes in the Belgian society to the process of regionalization of their country. The EU structural funds aimed at funding these policies play a crucial role in the maturing of the regional dimension of the activities pursued by the EU institutions. The author finalizes with the review of the EU reasons for placing high importance on the promotion of the development of inter-regional ties between member states.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Tax Revenue and Public Social Expenditure in the EU Member States

2020 ◽  
Vol XXIII (Issue 4) ◽  
pp. 1136-1156
Author(s):  
Teresa Famulska ◽  
Jan Kaczmarzyk ◽  
Malgorzata Grzaba
Keyword(s):  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Towards an Integration of The Legal Norms of the WTO and the EU

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-117
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wróblewska
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Eu

The WTO, which is composed of 164 Member States at different levels of development, currently plays an increasingly important role as a legal regulator on the global level. Simultaneously, the EU (which currently consists of 27 Member States) has introduced law at the regional level. Although these two organizations do have similarities, they also differ significantly from each other and in practice function in isolation. The WTO is an entity /with its own legal norms, whose aim is to support trade liberalization. On the other hand, the EU is notable for guaranteeing peace, promoting shared values and generating wealth for all EU citizens by means of its own norms. As the EU and its Member States are a State Party of the WTO, the legal regulations of the WTO are included in EU sources of law and are binding for all EU Member States. Thus, the relationship between the WTO and the EU is closely related. This contribution deals with the theoretical comparison between the EU and the WTO in the context of axiology, basic principles and human rights protection aspects. I am of the opinion that it is not justified to look at these organizations in a completely separate way but to identify their common features. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm the hypothesis whether the process of integrating their legal regulations is possible. To consider this issue the Author has divided this paper into three parts: an introduction, a study of the WTO, a study of the EU and a conclusion. The following research methods have been used: legal comparison, analytical and descriptive.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Production and Consumption of Alcohol and its Taxation in the EU Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-604
Author(s):  
Petr David ◽  
Lucie Formanová ◽  
Adam Lisický ◽  
Kristýna Torkošová ◽  
Michaela Vetráková
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Excise Duties ◽  
The Eu

The taxation of alcoholic beverages in the EU member states varies despite the harmonization efforts. This situation has been caused by the relatively liberal tendencies in tax policies concerning the determination of excise duties on alcohol and alcoholic products. The main goal of the present research is to identify the relationship between the taxation of spirits, beer and wine on the one hand, and the production and consumption on the other hand. This dependence is examined through the correlation analysis of the degree of taxation and production/consumption. The highest values of negative correlation have been identified between the taxation and consumption/production of wine. The correlation suggests that tax aspects influence both the production and the consumption of wine. Lower values of correlation coefficients between the production/consumption and taxation of beer and spirits show that these taxes represent stable and well predictable revenues of the EU member states' budgets. The obtained results support the significance of fiscal function of these taxes. Thus, there is a contradiction between the main function of excise duties and the real state of affairs in the area of taxes on the consumption of alcohol and alcoholic beverages. These are facts to be considered in the future efforts to harmonize excise duties.

scholarly journals Institutional Quality and its Impact on FDI Inflow: Evidence from the EU Member States

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Bogusława Dobrowolska ◽  
Tomasz Dorożyński ◽  
Anetta Kuna‑Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Member States ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Global Competitiveness Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Diagnostic Variables

The aim of the article is to assess institutional quality in 28 EU Member States and to examine the relationship between the quality of institutions and FDI inward stock as % of GDP. This study is structured as follows. Firstly, we reviewed studies dedicated to the relationship between institutional quality and investment attractiveness. Then, we discussed FDI inflow into the EU countries and selected diagnostic variables that later served as the basis for our research in which we used categories of the Global Competitiveness Index. Based on rankings and using statistical methods, in the next stage, we divided the EU Member States into groups representing similar institutional quality. Then we investigated the relationships between groups of countries similar to one another when it comes to institutional quality and groups of countries ranked in ascending order by the value of foreign direct investment inflow measured as FDI inward stock as % of GDP. The study demonstrated that the EU Member States differ with respect to institutional quality. The results of the statistical analysis have provided grounds to positively verify the hypothesis about a positive relationship between the level of institutional quality and investment attractiveness.

scholarly journals Failed Expectations: Does the Establishment of Judicial Councils Enhance Confidence in Courts?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2105-2136
Author(s):  
Marína Urbániková ◽  
Katarína Šipulová
Keyword(s):  
Public Confidence ◽  
Institutional Performance ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Judicial Systems

AbstractJudicial councils are often presented as a panacea for many disorders of judicial systems, including low public confidence in the judiciary. Nevertheless, the assessment of their impact has so far been neglected. The article offers a unique view on the relationship between judicial councils and the level of public confidence in courts. It draws a novel conceptual map of factors influencing public confidence in the judiciary, stressing its complex and multifaceted character. Situating the judicial councils on the map, it explores how they can help to potentially increase the level of public confidence in the judiciary, and assesses to what extent this has been true in the countries that have adopted them. The results reveal a considerable gap between the promises, expectations, and practice, and raise doubts about the ability of judicial councils to enhance confidence in courts. Judicial councils rarely manage to substantially improve institutional performance: they can enhance the quality of judicial systems which have already functioned quite well, but they do not tend to bring about change in the judicial systems that have been previously significantly flawed. The analysis of the longitudinal Eurobarometer data showed that, on average, the EU countries without judicial councils are better off in terms of public confidence. Although the existence of judicial councils does not make a difference regarding public confidence in the judiciary in the new EU member states, in the old EU member states, judicial systems with judicial councils enjoy lower levels of public confidence than the ones without them.

scholarly journals Differences and similarities in the indebtedness of EU member states after last financial crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Lajtkepová
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Member States ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

Indebtedness is undoubtedly one of the most significant economic problems in the countries of the EU. Despite the fact that the EU-28 have adopted criteria and measures that should regulate indebtedness, the majority of member states are not keeping up to these previously agreed rules. For many countries indebtedness has become a barrier to further development. The article’s aim is to provide an overview of the indebtedness of EU member states and to explore whether this indebtedness is linked to or even dependent on selected economic characteristics (GDP, unemployment rate and social benefits paid as a share of GDP). Data from the EU-28 countries, the Eurozone and the countries outside the Eurozone will be studied separately on the assumption that there will be differences between the countries in the Eurozone and those outside it. In the investigation of the issue only secondary data from the official statistics can be used. All the data are taken from Eurostat and then processed using the standard methods of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The analysis carried out showed that the average indebtedness of the EU-28 countries is higher than set by the EU criteria, and at the same time confirmed that there is a difference in debt levels between countries within and outside the Eurozone. The Eurozone countries show indebtedness that is overall higher than in countries outside the Eurozone, while at the same time they show a moderately strong linear dependence both between indebtedness and unemployment rates and between indebtedness and payments of social benefits. In the countries outside the Eurozone it was shown that while the relationship between indebtedness and the unemployment rate was weak that between indebtedness and the payment of social benefits was relatively strong.

BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL BASED ON MORE EFFICIENT LAND USE IN THE EU

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina PILVERE ◽  
Aleksejs NIPERS ◽  
Bartosz MICKIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Green Growth ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
Europe 2020 Strategy ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Key Industries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Production Resource

Europe 2020 Strategy highlights bioeconomy as a key element for smart and green growth in Europe. Bioeconomy in this case includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and pulp and paper production, parts of chemical, biotechnological and energy industries and plays an important role in the EU’s economy. The growth of key industries of bioeconomy – agriculture and forestry – highly depends on an efficient and productive use of land as a production resource. The overall aim of this paper is to evaluate opportunities for development of the main sectors of bioeconomy (agriculture and forestry) in the EU based on the available resources of land. To achieve this aim, several methods were used – monographic, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, statistical analysis methods. The findings show that it is possible to improve the use of land in the EU Member States. If all the Member States reached the average EU level, agricultural products worth EUR 77 bln would be annually additionally produced, which is 19 % more than in 2014, and an extra 5 billion m3 volume of forest growing stock would be gained, which is 20 % more than in 2010.

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