The Law Governing International Commercial Contracts : Hard Law versus Soft Law (Volume 388)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Law ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
The Law

Money laundering

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ebikake
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Legal Positivism ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Making

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of soft law as a technique for repressive and preventive anti-money laundering control (hereinafter AMLC). Design/methodology/approach This article focuses heavily on understanding the nature of international anti-money laundering (AML) law-making process. The approach towards this question is interdisciplinary and looks at the treaty and non-treaty AML obligations through a prism of two theoretical lenses (legal positivism and liberal/legal process theory) to explain the role of soft law in the area. Findings Current international effort to combat money laundering (ML) is fragmented (as evident in the enormous variety of law-making processes), despite the role of soft law. Part of the problem is the divergent nature of domestic criminal legislation, which is reflected in the choice of predicate crime and a lack of procedural rule to identify and enforce the law at the state level. To address the limit of current efforts, the paper will propose a uniform codification of AML law directed by a more representative body or commission of experts offering means of restating, clarifying and revising the law authoritatively and systematically. Research limitations/implications The research is focused mainly on the theoretical issues relating to the subject of ML and less on any empirical case study. Practical implications The paper will focus on the role of soft law as a technique for repressive and preventive AMLC. Based on current analyses of the role of soft law as an alternative to hard law or as a complement to hard law (leading to greater cooperation), it attempts to outline the possible advantages and disadvantages that soft law could have in the context of AMLC. For example, the use of soft law promotes harmonisation of international AML standards through the Financial Action Task Force, while the role of the FATF remains unclear in international law. This is important for the purpose of responsibility, as the law on state responsibility clearly states when a State is responsible, in the event of a breach, and the consequence in international law. Social implications The implication of the paper is that it contributes to the on-going debate about the increasingly role of soft law-making in international law. Originality/value The research perspective to the study of ML is theoretical and focuses on the nature of the law.

«Soft law» in the law of the Eurasian Ec onomic Union: place and possibility of challenging

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
P.P. Myslivsky ◽  
◽  
I.N. Shchurova
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Binding Force ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Law

In international law, there are sources that do not formally have binding force, but may indicate the emergence of the opinio juris of states, as well as emerging practice. The Eurasian Economic Union also issues acts that are not formally binding: they are adopted by the Eurasian Economic Commission in the form of recommendations. In addition, the Union takes into account the recommendatory acts of other international organizations. At present, the practice of the EAEU Court indicates that this body takes into account “soft law” in the course of argumentation, but proceeds from the impossibility of challenging acts that are recommendations of the EEC. The authors give ways to establish the possibility of challenging the EEC recommendations in the EAEU Court.

Soft Law Enforcement in the Nigerien Gendarmerie

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirco Göpfert
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic

This chapter explores how gendarmes in the Republic of Niger, notwithstanding their aspiration for popular legitimacy, try to justify their actions, not to others, but to themselves. Civilians bring the stories of their problems to the gendarmes’ attention in the form of complaints. Whether a complaint turns into a case, and thus whether the gendarmes become active, depends on their appreciation of the complainant’s story and whether their ‘vocational ear’ is attuned to this story; and their vocational ear functions much more in terms of the material and moral gravity of the alleged offence, not in terms of the law.

scholarly journals Killing me Softly? Scrutinising the Role of Soft Law in Greece’s Response to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Evangelia (Lilian) TSOURDI ◽  
Niovi VAVOULA
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Primary Basis ◽  
Full Swing ◽  
Second Wave

Greece emerged as the EU’s poster child in the fight against COVID-19 during the first few months of the pandemic. In this contribution, we assess Greece’s use of soft regulation in its regulatory response to COVID-19. Using “acts of legislative content”, which can be broadly conceptualised as softly adopted hard law, the Greek government largely achieved flexibility and simplified adoption procedures without having to resort to soft law per se. The role of soft law was limited - it complemented hard law rather than constituting the primary basis of COVID-19 restrictions - but not completely negligible. Soft law instruments regulated the processing of personal data, and was also pivotal in clarifying the criminal sanctioning of COVID-related rule violations. Greece’s success in handling the first wave of the pandemic, while effective, was arguably unfair to asylum seekers who saw their right to apply for asylum curtailed, and their right to freedom of movement restricted when limitations on the rest of the population were lifted. With a second wave of infections currently in full swing, it is imperative to keep scrutinising regulatory responses to ensure that they place the health and dignity of every individual (whoever they might be) at their core and fully respect their fundamental rights.

Nuclear Powers' Disarmament Obligation under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Interactions between Soft Law and Hard Law

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRA PIETROBON
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
Test Ban ◽  
Nuclear Test Ban ◽  
Test Ban Treaty

AbstractThe Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) will not be effective until all the 44 states listed in its Annex 2 ratify it. A special link has been established between the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the CTBT. The disarmament obligation set by Article VI of the NPT, which has not yet been complied with, remains highly controversial. The relevant subsequent practice of the states parties to the NPT shows that the ratification of the CTBT is to be considered the first of the practical steps towards compliance with Article VI. However, as the practical steps do not set any legally binding norms, there is no legal obligation to ratify the CTBT, not even for the 44 states listed in Annex 2 whose ratification is essential. The paper deals with the position of nuclear powers party to the NPT that have not yet ratified the CTBT (most prominently the US and China) and demonstrates that these states should at least provide detailed motivation for their conduct. Otherwise, other states parties to the NPT could consider them as not complying in good faith with Article VI of the NPT and invoke the inadimplenti non est ademplendum rule to justify breaches of their own obligations under the same treaty.

scholarly journals EXPRESSÃO MILITAR DO SETOR ESTRATÉGICO ESPACIAL: EVOLUÇÃO E O DIREITO. CASO BRASILEIRO: QUARTA GERAÇÃO DA FORÇA AÉREA BRASILEIRA

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vagner Vital ◽  
Maria Helena fonseca de Souza Rolim
Keyword(s):  
Soft Law ◽  
Hard Law

A evolução e transformações das tecnologias aplicadas aos usos do espaço exterior interconectadas com o uso militar do espaço exterior a evidenciam a pressão dos fatos sobre o direito, avocando reflexão sobre o corpus juris internacional sobre a questão, em nível de soft law e hard law. Mesmo no contexto de autodefesa, as atividades espaciais militares possuem aspectos ofensivos e defensivos que precisam ser considerados e podem ser executadas ao abrigo da Carta das Nações Unidas (considerando o direito à autodefesa) e do Tratado do Espaço (ao se entender o termo “propósito pacífico” equivalente ao termo “não agressão”, exceto para autodefesa), além de outros tratados que podem ser evocados em situações de conflito, no âmbito do Direito Internacional Humanitário. Este artigo consubstancia o caso brasileiro, onde a Força Aérea Brasileira apresenta o entendimento do Brasil quanto ao Tratado do Espaço e à Carta das Nações Unidas, estruturando sua aplicação militar do espaço exterior de acordo com os documentos políticos e doutrinários do Ministério da Defesa do Brasil, sabidamente, a Política de Defesa Nacional, a Estratégia Nacional de Defesa e o Programa Estratégico de Sistemas Espaciais. As operações militares descritas neste artigo revelam que situações fáticas emergentes carecem de tutela jurídica com elevado grau de efetividade.

scholarly journals Los Incoterms como instrumento de derecho suave (soft law)

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-85
Author(s):  
Eduardo Calderón Marenco
Keyword(s):  
El Paso ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Lex Mercatoria

Derivado de las profundas transformaciones que ha experimentado el Dere­cho internacional, la Lex Mercatoria y el Derecho suave (Soft law) han emergido como una alternativa al tradicional Derecho duro (Hard law). Con el paso del tiempo el Derecho suave (Soft law) ha ido adquiriendo un mayor protagonismo en el escenario jurídico internacional, posicionándose como un instrumento del que gozan las partes para regular sus transacciones internacionales, aun­que carezca de efectos vinculantes. No obstante se encuentra revestido de voluntariedad, por medio de la autonomía conflictual, lo que les otorga un carácter vinculante para las partes. Es así que este Derecho se compone de un amplio espectro de instrumentos, los que encuentran aceptación en los diferentes sistemas jurídicos, en variadas áreas del derecho, y dan respuesta a las necesidades de los diferentes interesados. Empero, en el ámbito comercial internacional estos instrumentos se han nutrido de la Lex Mercatoria, un ejemplo de ello son los Incoterms, usos y costumbres que uniforman y sistematizan este ordenamiento jurídico, creado por los comerciantes, propio de los negocios jurídicos de compraventa internacional de mercadería. Por esto consideramos relevante analizar esta nueva corriente a nivel internacional y su incorporación dinámica en estos instrumentos jurídicos.

scholarly journals Overcoming the hard law/soft law dichotomy in times of (financial) crises

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Weber
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Organizational Issues ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Multilateral Agreements ◽  
Recent Financial Crisis ◽  
The One

Traditional legal doctrine calls for hard law to regulate markets. Nevertheless, in financial markets, soft law has a long tradition, not at least due to the lack of multilateral agreements in this field. On the one hand, the recent financial crisis has shown that soft law does not suffice to avoid detrimental developments; on the other hand, a straight call for hard law would not be able to manage the recognized regulatory weaknesses. Therefore, emphasis should be put on the possibilities of combining hard law and soft law; specific areas allowing realizing such kind of “combination” are organizational issues, transparency requirements, and dispute settlement mechanisms.

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