Essays On Deep Trade Agreements

<div>The number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has increased tremendously since 1990. The natural question to ask is why. PTAs are not only about lowering down tariffs further than the most favoured nation (MFN) tariff levels. There are many economic and non-economic policies other than border policies that are addressed in PTAs. Trade agreements dealing with border policies (tariffs) are referred to as “shallow”; and those that are dealing with a broader set of policies are referred to as “deep”. Therefore, PTAs are about something deeper. Parallel to the increase in the PTAs, trade in intermediate inputs has grown exponentially over past decades. Therefore, the first question that arises is whether trade in intermediate inputs generates the need for deep integration. In this dissertation, we show that the nature of trade in intermediate goods requires deep integration. The second question to be addressed is whether the deep trade agreements need to be preferential. With a three-country model, we show that the deep bilateral agreements are rarely chosen over the shallow agreements. Finally, by introducing the deep integration in the multilateral trading system, we conclude that although trade in intermediate inputs calls for deep integration, they do not call for deep PTAs. However, deep integration is better implied under multilateral agreements. Therefore, the deep integration in economic policies does not contribute to the increase in the number of PTAs.</div>

Essays On Deep Trade Agreements

<div>The number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has increased tremendously since 1990. The natural question to ask is why. PTAs are not only about lowering down tariffs further than the most favoured nation (MFN) tariff levels. There are many economic and non-economic policies other than border policies that are addressed in PTAs. Trade agreements dealing with border policies (tariffs) are referred to as “shallow”; and those that are dealing with a broader set of policies are referred to as “deep”. Therefore, PTAs are about something deeper. Parallel to the increase in the PTAs, trade in intermediate inputs has grown exponentially over past decades. Therefore, the first question that arises is whether trade in intermediate inputs generates the need for deep integration. In this dissertation, we show that the nature of trade in intermediate goods requires deep integration. The second question to be addressed is whether the deep trade agreements need to be preferential. With a three-country model, we show that the deep bilateral agreements are rarely chosen over the shallow agreements. Finally, by introducing the deep integration in the multilateral trading system, we conclude that although trade in intermediate inputs calls for deep integration, they do not call for deep PTAs. However, deep integration is better implied under multilateral agreements. Therefore, the deep integration in economic policies does not contribute to the increase in the number of PTAs.</div>

The world commerce & contracting principles: Can Asia embrace them?

Negotiating a contract with Asian lawyers for the first time could be a baffling experience. Used to clarity on risk allocation and financial obligations, a Western lawyer is confronted with negotiations driven by consensus and contract provisions based on flexibility and good faith discussions. Musyawarah-mufakat (deliberation and consensus in Bahasa Indonesia) goes beyond ASEAN multilateral agreements and pervade doing business as well. Embracing the World CC Principles is a constructive step in Asian contract drafting: they are not alien in concept and have counterparts in domestic civil or common law. The ability to quickly agree on the provisions covered by the World CC Principles provides a sense of collaborative relationship — an essential aspect of doing business in Asia. But Asian lawyers have yet to be familiar with the World CC Principles, be willing to embrace them, and advocate the benefits of imbedding the World CC Principles in their business culture.

REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH “CONVERGENCE (HARMONIZATION) OF CIVIL PROCEDURAL LAW WITHIN THE EU AND THE POST-SOVIET SPACE (COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT)” BY K.L. BRANOVITSKY

The review is devoted to the work, which, perhaps, for the first time so systematically and thoroughly analyzes the phenomenon of convergence of legal systems in the process of globalization and modern integration formations, its impact on the development of procedural institutions of the Russian process, prospects, advantages and obstacles, possible tools of implementation and use from the perspective of civil procedure law in its broadest sense. Separately stands the author’s thesis on the procedural institutions, which could act as an object of convergence. By analogy with the EU countries, the author refers and investigates in detail the “international competence” through the legal regime of international competence in the existing multilateral agreements and some aspects of the legal regime of international competence in the national legal orders of the EAEU members. In conclusion, it is concluded that comprehensive and systemic knowledge of the mechanism and tools of such an important and objective legal phenomenon as the convergence (harmonization) of civil procedural law in any state, is an element of the basic part both in scientific and practical activities of lawyers.

Analysis of Electric Power Generation Growth in Pakistan: Falling into the Vicious Cycle of Coal

This paper aims to analyze national policies of Pakistan taking into account the complexity of electric power generation, growth, and complying with multilateral agreements. Systems thinking has been applied to understand the complexity of energy scenario of Pakistan by representing it with a causal loop diagram (CLD) which displays the interconnectedness and feedbacks of the system. Analysis is based on systems archetypes to diagnose the system behavior, i.e., falling into the vicious cycle of coal. A stock-and-flow model was employed to capture dynamics of energy generation quantitatively, indicating that a 5% GDP growth rate could be sustained based on current planning to increase electric power generation in Pakistan. Thus, in order to achieve a 7% GDP growth rate, as targeted in Vision 2025 of Pakistan, energy generation targets would need to be revised in the view of the sensitivity of increase in energy demand associated with GDP growth rate, while ensuring compliance with multilateral agreements.

ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY STRATEGY FOR THE RECOVERY OF THE SLOWDOWN OF GLOBALIZATION (SLOWBALIZATION)

The article investigates a transition from globalization to its more restricted model called «slow stabilization» or «slowbalization» in the context of the most decisive challenge to economic diplomacy. The authors of this study identify the problems of globalization, outline possible causes and consequences, and consider the option of returning to comprehensive protectionism as a manifestation of the economic diplomacy of national economic systems in the context of globalization and «slowbalization». The novelty of this work is in using economic diplomacy, in the unique pandemic context, as a driver to support economic recovery, helping to define national and international policies and creating a strong network where government, embassies, consulates, agencies, institutions, companies and households can come together to achieve effective cooperation. The research concludes that economic diplomacy in general, and export promotion agencies in particular, encourage export promotion and trade growth. Authors establish that the strategy of economic diplomacy is the driver of recovery and can assist in the scenario of deceleration defining a clear export strategy, creating a large network that involves all actors and network of offices abroad to spread the exports policy, and employing a wide variety of instruments, such as bilateral, regional, and multilateral agreements.

Conservation at the International Level

The conservation of ecosystems that either span national jurisdictions or extend beyond areas of national jurisdiction requires the establishment of governance mechanisms that operate above national governments, and hence that involve some cession of national sovereignty. This involves the coordination of national action, usually through the negotiation of bilateral or multilateral agreements. Chapter 14 considers the problem of conservation across national jurisdictions, focusing on ecosystems that span jurisdictions, migratory species, and the international movement of pests and pathogens as an incidental effect of trade and travel. It explores the impact of strategic behavior on the effectiveness of multilateral agreements, and the institutions developed to supply transboundary public goods such as climate mitigation.

Ein Rohstoffvölkerrecht für das 21. Jahrhundert

The fair and sustainable distribution of natural resources worldwide is one of the most important tasks of mankind in the 21st century and, with its effects on life, the environment and technical progress, decides the fate of the continuously growing world population. The study examines the current international law on natural resources, consisting of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, WTO law, multilateral agreements as well as cartels such as OPEC, and comes to the conclusion that the current body of regulations is limited to – usually non-binding – organizational measures and consultations. International economic law follows a passive approach that does not do justice to the great relevance of this sub-area of international law. Against this background, six different legal solution strategies are developed and subsequently examined for their political feasibility. Special attention is paid to the position of developing countries, which despite their wealth of natural resources have not yet benefited from it.