Biology of Snail-Killing Flies in Sweden (Dipt., Sciomyzidae)1

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.V. Knutson
Keyword(s):  
Air Breathing ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Snails

AbstractThe major biological features of 53 of the 70 Swedish species of Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae) are summarized. The larvae are found in many kinds of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and those of most species are air-breathing, overt, polyphagous predators of aquatic and hygrophilous, non-operculate snails. Larvae of a few species are predators or oligophagous, solitary and internal parasitoids of terrestrial snails, Tetanocera elata attacks slugs, and Antichaeta spp. feed in egg-masses of Lymnaeidae and Succineidae. Knutsonia lineata and certain Renocera spp. are the only insects known to feed obligatorily in bivalve Sphaeriidae.

Biology and Immature Stages of Tetanura pallidiventris, a Parasitoid of Terrestrial Snails (Dipt. Sciomyzidae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.V. Knutson
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Snails ◽  
Cephalopharyngeal Skeleton

AbstractTetanura pallidiventris (Fallén) (Dipt. Scionyzidae) lives in terrestrial habitats in northern and central Europe, where the larvae feed on snails of the genera Cochlicopa, Discus, and Retinella. Field and laboratory data on the ecology and behaviour of the species are presented. The egg, third-instar cephalopharyngeal skeleton, and puparium are described and figured. The species is distinguished from T. fallenii Hendel, and the systematic position of the genus Tetanura Fallén is discussed.

How cranefly larvae breathe

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Pritchard ◽  
Mary Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Central Scar ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Lung Functions ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats

Aeropyles in the spiracles of the larvae of the terrestrial Tipula paludosa and the aquatic but air-breathing Pedicia parvicellula and an unidentified Tipula are illustrated. In T. paludosa these aeropyles are present and open throughout larval life and through the pharate pupal phase. By contrast, the aeropyles of the aquatic T. sacra and T. abdominalis are essentially closed and, in T. sacra at least, appear not to function during the larval stage. Gas exchange must be effected cutaneously in these latter species and, in T. sacra, the spiracular lobes and perhaps the smaller lobes along the body are principal sites of oxygen uptake. However, the larval spiracles of T. sacra do function during the terrestrial pharate pupal phase, when the central scar plug of the spiracle breaks down. Tipula paludosa has a well-developed "tracheal lung" emanating from the spiracular atrium, but this is absent in T. sacra. It is suggested that this lung functions as a tracheal gill when terrestrial habitats become flooded.

Long-term within pond variation of egg deposition sites in the agile frog, Rana dalmatina

Biologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Hartel
Keyword(s):  
Egg Mass ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Natural Pond ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rana Dalmatina

AbstractThis study presents long-term fluctuation, within pond distribution and mortality of egg masses in a population of Rana dalmatina reproducing in a permanent semi-natural pond in Romania. The average number of egg masses per year was 410 (SD = 114.56, min.-max. = 265–581). The mean spawning duration (days) was 26.72 (SD = 5.53). The egg mass distribution was not constant during the years. The long-term change in the distribution of egg masses can be related to changes in the reed cover (pond variable) and landscape structure, i.e. the presence of the forest and a pasture between the pond and the forest. There was a reduction in the number of dead egg masses during the study period. We suggest that the maintenance of the connectivity with the forest and the variable amount of reed assure the main aquatic and terrestrial habitats for the agile frogs. This will allow agile frogs to shift breeding habitats in this area according to their ecological needs and find safe terrestrial habitats for summering and wintering.

scholarly journals The Muscular Basis of Aquatic And Aerial Ventilation in the Air-Breathing Teleost Fish Channa

1984 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
KAREL F. LIEM
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Reversed Flow ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Kinematic Pattern ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Air Ventilation

The mechanisms of aquatic and aerial ventilation in four bimodally breathing species of teleosts of the genus Channa were studied by high-speed light and X-ray ciné films, pressure transducer recordings and electromyography. Neither inter- nor intraspecific differences were found in the pattern of aquatic and aerial ventilation. Aquatic ventilation proceeds with a partially air-filled buccopharyngeal cavity. The electromyographic patterns, pressure waveforms in the buccal and opercular cavities, and kinematics of jaw and opercula resemble those found for aquatically breathing teleosts. The pattern of aerial ventilation differs significantly from that of aquatic ventilation. Aerial ventilation is initiated by a reversed flow of water brought about by a low pressure in the buccal cavity. In this way the air in the suprabranchial cavity is moved forward and expelled from the mouth. The buccal, suprabranchial and opercular pressures are maintained at below ambient pressures throughout the aerial respiratory cycle. The kinematic pattern of bone movements, pressure waveforms and electromyographic profiles during air ventilation are identical to those of the cough and do not differ interspecifically. The complex aerial ventilation mechanism in Channa may be homologous with the primitive cough mechanism. Fishes employing the cough mechanism for air ventilation remain totally dependent on water and are therefore poorly adapted to explore terrestrial habitats.

Natural parasitism of eggs of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in rice ecosystem at Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
T. Sharmitha ◽  
C. Gailce Leo Justin ◽  
S. Sheeba Joyce Roseleen ◽  
P. Yasodha
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Scirpophaga Incertulas ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Yellow Stem Borer ◽  
Rice Ecosystem ◽  
Natural Parasitism

Three species of parasitoids viz., Telenomus dignus Gahan, Trichogramma japonicum, Ishii and Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere were recorded from the egg masses of rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in a field study. The extent of parasitism was high during Rabi (43.33 – 93.33 %) and low during Kharif (0 - 40.00 %). Parasitism by T. dignus was maximum in October (50.00 %), T. japonicum, in November (23.08 %) and T. schoenobii in February (55.55 %). dignus and T. schoenobii in combination parasitized maximum number of egg masses (41.82 %). Multiple parasitism by the three species was high in December (8.33 %) and January (7.14%). Parasitic potential was maximum, when T. schoenobii alone parasitised the egg masses followed by T. dignus and T. schoenobii in combination. Host density in the field influenced the extent of parasitism.

Trans-Tasman genetic connectivity in the intertidal air-breathing slug Onchidella nigricans

2016 ◽  
Vol 562 ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Cumming ◽  
R Nikula ◽  
HG Spencer ◽  
JM Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Air Breathing

The description of a new Bruchophagus species (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae) developing in seeds of Melilotus officinalis (L.) Descr. (Fabaceae) in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
M.D. Zerova ◽  
A. Al-Sendi ◽  
V.N. Fursov ◽  
H. Adeli-Manesh ◽  
S.E. Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Melilotus Officinalis ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The new species, Bruchophagus ayadi sp.n., is reared from seed pods of Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. (Fabaceae) in Iran (Lorestan). The new species is close to B. platypterus (Walk.), but differs by roundish abdomen and very gibbous, almost globular (in lateral view) mesosoma. These species can be also differentiated by some biological features. The host plant of B. platypterus is Lotus corniculatus L., whereas the new species is reared from Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. Holotype of Bruchophagus ayadi sp.n. is deposited in the collection of I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv).

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