scholarly journals The Word ‘Orangutan’

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-541
Author(s):  
Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
European Languages ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Orangutans are a type of great ape found in the wild in Sumatra and Borneo. The word ‘orangutan’ in European languages originates from a Malay expression meaning ‘forest person’, but many scholars have argued that it was not in genuine usage among the indigenous peoples of the archipelago. Instead, it is widely believed that the word ‘orangutan’, as a term for the ape, resulted from either an invention or a misunderstanding on the part of European visitors in the seventeenth century CE. I argue against this view, using data from Old Javanese texts and historical-linguistic analysis to show that orangutans have been referred to by this term since the first millennium CE. My findings indicate that the modern use of the word ‘orangutan’ has much older roots in Malay than has been recognized previously.

The Confessions of a Wayward Professor

1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-362
Author(s):  
Herbert Eugene Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Great Honor ◽  
The World ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild West ◽  
Huntington Library

It is a Great Honor for one who lives in the Wild West to be asked to speak in the cultured capital of our country, for California is remote. In fact, it came into history as “the most outlandish place in the World,” and in some quarters so it is still regarded. A wealthy Italian Duchess, in the seventeenth century, told her Father Confessor that she wished to endow a mission for the heathen. Being asked where she wished it established, she replied, “In the most outlandish place in all the world.” The Jesuits consulted their geography and concluded that the most outlandish place in all the world was California, and there the mission was founded. Father Kino had a long correspondence with the same Duchess, and for their letters the Huntington Library, a few years ago, paid $18,000. Bigger sums have been paid for letters written to a lady, but seldom for letters written to a lady by a Jesuit priest.

scholarly journals Evidential and epistemic adverbials in Lithuanian: evidence from intra-linguistic and cross-linguistic analysis

Kalbotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (70) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ruskan ◽  
Audronė Šolienė
Keyword(s):  
Recent Decade ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Code Language

In the recent decade the realisations of evidentiality and epistemic modality in European languages have received a great scholarly interest and resulted in important investigations concerning the relation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, their means of expression and meaning extensions in various types of discourse. The present paper deals with the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly, clearly’, matyt ‘apparently, evidently’ and regis ‘seemingly’, which derive from the source domain of perception, and the epistemic necessity adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’. The aim of the paper is to explore the morphosyntactic properties of the adverbials when they are used as evidential or epistemic markers and compare the distribution of their evidential and epistemic functions in Lithuanian fiction, news and academic discourse. The data have been drawn from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian and the bidirectional translation corpus ParaCorpEN→LT→EN (Šolienė 2012, 2015). The quantitative findings reveal distributional differences of the adverbials under study across different types of discourse. Functional variation of the evidential perception-based adverbials is determined to a great extent by the degree of epistemic commitment, evidenced not only by intra-linguistic but also cross-linguistic data. The non-perception based adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’ are the primary adverbial markers of epistemic necessity in Lithuanian, though some of them may have evidential meaning extensions. A parallel and comparable corpus-based analysis has once again proved to be a very efficient tool for diagnosing language-specific features and describing an inventory used to code language-specific evidential and epistemic meanings.

scholarly journals Pathways to Higher Education for Native Hawaiian Individual Development Account Participants

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Welfare Receipt ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Asset Holding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

As the cost of higher education rises, a growing body of theory and research suggests that asset holding in the form of savings and net worth positively influence education expectations and outcomes. Native Hawaiians, like other Indigenous peoples, have disproportionately low college enrollment and graduation rates tied to a history of colonization. Using data from an Individual Development Account (IDA) program for Native Hawaiians, I examine the trajectories through the program and find: (a) welfare receipt and unemployment reduces the chances of IDA enrollment; (b) net worth increases the probability of IDA graduation; and (c) IDA graduates were more likely to gain a college degree over time compared to non-graduates. The study provides empirical evidence to the debate on asset-based interventions for Indigenous peoples.

Mycenaean e-pi-ko-wo and alphabetic Greek ἐπίκουρος revisited

Kadmos ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-88
Author(s):  
Kyle Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Epic Tradition ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Full Study ◽  
Linear B

Abstract This paper revisits the etymology of Greek ἐπίκουρος, which for over a century has been analyzed as a compound of ἐπί and an otherwise non-extant verbal root *κορσο-, from an Indo-European root familiar in Latin currō ‘run’. After reviewing the linguistic, epigraphic, and philological evidence, I conclude that this etymology is untenable. From here I turn to the Linear B data and demonstrate that the e-pi-ko-wo of the Pylian o-ka texts (ca. 1200 B.C.) should be interpreted as /epikor woi/; this presents us with the linguistic antecedent of ἐπί- κουρος, which should be etymologized as a prepositional Rektionskompositum, where ἐπί governs κόρϝος (‘he who is in close proximity to the κόρϝος (warrior)’ / ‘he who is attached to/accompanying the warriors’). Early in the Archaic period, this older Mycenaean term was replaced by a new coinage - σύμμαχος - which more appropriately described a military relationship binding one Greek polis to another. These conclusions are supported by early epic usage, historical linguistic analysis, and a full study of the Linear B texts in question. This new etymology has stimulating archaeological correlates and exemplifies the importance and broad applications of the Linear B texts for the reconstruction of Greek prehistory and society and our understanding of the epic tradition

Historical Introduction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Ben-Eliyahu ◽  
Yehudah Cohn ◽  
Fergus Millar
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
European Language ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Electronic Texts ◽  
European Languages ◽  
First Millennium

This chapter first sets out the aim of this book, which is to provide a guide on Jewish literature composed in the first millennium ce in Hebrew or Aramaic, either in Palestine under Roman rule or in Babylonia under the rule of the Sassanid kings of Persia. It offers essential information on the printed editions of each; their contents and likely date of redaction; translations into European languages; modern commentaries, whether in a European language or Hebrew; electronic texts, if available; and the manuscripts in which each is found. The discussions then turn to how to approach the Jewish literature of Late Antiquity and the character of Late Antique Jewish literature.

scholarly journals Dynamics of host populations affected by the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 160801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt R. Schmidt ◽  
Claudio Bozzuto ◽  
Stefan Lötters ◽  
Sebastian Steinfartz
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Local Extirpation

Emerging infectious diseases cause extirpation of wildlife populations. We use an epidemiological model to explore the effects of a recently emerged disease caused by the salamander-killing chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans ( Bsal ) on host populations, and to evaluate which mitigation measures are most likely to succeed. As individuals do not recover from Bsal , we used a model with the states susceptible, latent and infectious, and parametrized the model using data on host and pathogen taken from the literature and expert opinion. The model suggested that disease outbreaks can occur at very low host densities (one female per hectare). This density is far lower than host densities in the wild. Therefore, all naturally occurring populations are at risk. Bsal can lead to the local extirpation of the host population within a few months. Disease outbreaks are likely to fade out quickly. A spatial variant of the model showed that the pathogen could potentially spread rapidly. As disease mitigation during outbreaks is unlikely to be successful, control efforts should focus on preventing disease emergence and transmission between populations. Thus, this emerging wildlife disease is best controlled through prevention rather than subsequent actions.

scholarly journals Translating English Sound Symbolism in Italian Comics: A Corpus-Based Linguistic Analysis across Six Decades (1932–1992)

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Pier Simone Pischedda
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Archival Work ◽  
Shed Light

Linking interdisciplinarity and multimodality in translation studies, this paper will analyse the diachronic translation of English ideophones in Italian Disney comics. This is achieved thanks to the compiling of a bi-directional corpus of sound symbolic entries spanning six decades (1932–1992)—a corpus that was created following extensive archival work in various Italian and American libraries between 2014 and 2016. The central aim is to showcase practical examples coming from published comic scripts and to highlight patterns of translation in each of the five different time windows which were chosen according to specific historical, linguistic and cultural vicissitudes taking place in the Italian nation. Overall, the intention is to shed light on an under-developed area of studies that focuses on the cross-linguistical transposition of ideophonic forms in comic books and to pinpoint how greater factors might influence the treatment of such deceptively miniscule elements in the comic books’ pages.

A stochastic model of lexical change

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette J. Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
New Words ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
Using Data

A model is given to describe the concurrent evolution of vocabularies of different languages belonging to the same family. Lexical change involves the replacement of old words by new words acquired by inheritance, borrowing or some other form of innovation. This process is described by a set of simultaneous differential equations involving the probabilities that, at any time, languages share similar words for any particular meaning. Various special cases of the model are compared using data for some Indo-European languages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document