The Role of the Museum in the Formation of the Patriotism of the Growing Generation

The article examines the formation and development of students’ feelings of patriotism as a spiritual and moral category of personality. One of the important priority tasks of modern education is the upbringing of a spiritually developed personality, because the future of any nation depends on the intellect, culture, and high professional knowledge of each person. In our article, we would like to emphasize the role and importance of the museum in the formation and development of such a personality quality as patriotism. Museum work can be considered as an effective pedagogical condition for the process of spiritual and moral formation of an individual, an effective means of fostering a sense of patriotism.

АВТОПОЕЗИС СИСТЕМИ ЕТИЧНИХ КАТЕГОРІЙ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ: ЛІНГВОСИНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД

The paper represents the results of ethical categories study on the material of the English language from the linguo-synergetic approach. The aim of the paper is to address the issue of self-organization of the system of English-language ethical categories in diachronical perspective. It also highlights the principles of autopoiesis of language systems, invento-rizes the lexical verbalization means of the target ethical categories, reveals the etymological images that underpin ethical categories verbalizers, explains the cognitive connections among the categories in the process of self-organization. The employed methods include semantic analysis, which reveals the meaning of the analyzed words; etymological analysis, which unravels the inner form of the lexicalization units; cognitive reinterpretation, which explains the mental associative connections between the meanings; synergetic analysis, which explains the process of self-organization of the system of ethical categories. The paper draws a borderline between ethical categories and values and argues that ethical cate-gories appeared as a result of generalizations when, for example, a good deed of recurring character was conceived as something good in general, or an obligation in a particular situation was generalized to an all-embracing duty etc. The synergetic properties of language systems are revealed and they include complex hierarchical organization, being open and dynamic, instability and non-linearity. The paper reveals the etymological images that underly the analyzed cate-gories. The process of self-organization of the corpus of ethical categories consists in the fact that the most primordial moral category being reinterpreted gave birth to all other ones. The most primary cognitive trait is “whole” which underlies the category GOOD, while the antagonistic category EVIL is based on the cognitive feature “split”, which proves the polar perception of these categories on the cognitive level in diachrony but not only on the level of current lexico-semantic vari-ants. The autopoiesis of the system of linguoethical categories in the English language has a complex non-linear character, since the connections between the images, which underlie them are multifaced.Key words: cognitive feature, diachrony, etymological image, non-linearity, self-organization. У статті представлені результати дослідження етичних категорій на матеріалі англійської мови з позицій лінгвосинергетичного підходу. Метою статті є викладення проблеми самоорганізації системи англомовних етичних категорій у діахронії. У роботі розглядаються принципи автопоезису мовних систем, здійснюється інвентаризація лексичних засобів вербалізації аналізованих етичних категорій, викладаються етимологічні образи, що покладені в основу вербалізаторів, пояснюються когнітивні зв’язки між категоріями в процесі самоорганізації. Застосовані методи містять семантичний аналіз, етимологічний аналіз, когнітивну інтерпретацію, синергетичний аналіз. У статті здійснено розмежування між етичними категоріями й етичними цінностями й зроблено висновок, що етичні категорії з'явилися в результаті узагальнень, коли, наприклад, повторення певного доброго вчинку стало осмислюватися як щось хороше в цілому або обов'язок у конкретній ситуації був узагальнений до всеосяжного обов'язку тощо. Схарактеризовано синергетичні властивості мовних систем, до яких належать складна ієрархічна організація, відкритість, динамічність, нерівноважність і нелінійність. Було визначено, що між цими параметрами існує кільцева залежність, зміна одного з них веде до зміни всіх інших. У статті розкриваються етимологічні образи, що покладені в основу аналізованих категорій. Викладено процес самоорганізації корпусу етичних категорій, який полягає в тому, що найбільш первинна етична категорія внаслідок когнітивного переосмислення стала основою для утворення інших, що цілком корелює з принципом метафоричності людського мислення. Найбільш первинною когнітивною рисою є «цілісність», яку покладено в основу категорії ДОБРО, тоді як антагоністична категорія ЗЛО базується на когнітивній ознаці «розкол», що доводить полярне сприйняття цих категорій на когнітивному рівні в діахронії, а не лише на рівні сучасних лексико-семантичних варіантів. Автопоезис системи лінгвоетичних категорій в англійській мові має складний нелінійний характер, оскільки зв'язки між образами, які покладено в їх основи, є багатоплановими.Ключові слова: діахронія, етимологічний образ, когнітивна риса, нелінійність, самоорганізація.

GROWTH LIMITS AND EUROPEAN FIDUCIARY MONEY

Тhis paper considers the phenomenon of global growth, emphasizing the slowdown and (limits) of the Western GDP growth. By comparing the United States as the most mature economy in the world, China as the new hegemon, the OECD countries, the BRICS countries, and the rest of the world, we show the growth and unequal development of the five "regional futures" of the global world. In addition to the imminent economic reasons for the backwardness of Western economies and societies, the crisis of the structure and functioning of the democratic capitalist system, and the ecological limits of sustainability, we emphasize two non-economic moments: the end of liberalism as a fundamental ideology of the Western world, and the loss of trust, which is a fundamental moral category. According to futurist forecasts, the West has slowed down, the financial system has been damaged, and the recovery is slow and uncertain. The following subjects are being considered: the growth paradigm, the belief in lasting progress, the end of liberalism and the loss of confidence, the recovery of Western economies, some monetary policy measures, and European fiduciary money and the slowdown of the growth in the Eurozone. The monetary economy of the euro as an agreed single currency has caused strong changes in the Eurozone and has “trapped” the European Union. The euro economy, among other things, is responsible for the sharp division of the Eurozone member states into surplus and deficit countries, and the Eurozone crisis, stagnation, and slowdown in economic (non- economic) growth.

The concept of labor in the history of social thought

The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of the phenomenon of labor in the historical and philosophical context. The article shows the spiritual and moral foundations of human labor activity, changes and transformation of labor relations throughout history, civilizational and ethno-confessional differences in the organization of economic activity and production. The analysis of labor as a moral category is carried out on the basis of an appeal to the concepts of prominent scientists and thinkers. Thus, the interpretation of labor in the framework of the ancient and Christian worldview is considered from the understanding of labor as a punishment for original sin to its assessment as a godly mission, where it is ontological characteristic of human life. The concept of labor in the theological teaching of Thomas Aquinas is analyzed in detail. Further, in the conditions of theformation of capitalism, a society of commoditymoney relations in the XVIII-XIX centuries there are significant changes in social status and the way of work. In these historical circumstances labor becomes a commodity. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of the problems of labor in national philosophies. In the development of Russian social thought in this aspect, one can single out the ideas of S.N. Bulgakov, who, at the beginning of the twentieth century, analyzing the origins and spiritual factors of the formation of Russian entrepreneurship, finds its connection with the religiosity of the Old Believers. Kazakh thinkers also attached great importance to the concept of labor. Great Abai, emphasizing the role and importance of labor in the formation of the individual and the development of society, reflected this in his famous «Words of Edification». In modern conditions, among the works of Kazakh researchers, where the problems of labor are considered, one can point to the monograph by Omar Zhalel «Hareket». It focuses on etymological differences in word usage, used in the analysis of the work.

National Memory in the Making: Gendered Re-Configurations of Martyrdom in Post-revolutionary Tunisia

Zusammenfassung Treating the category of “martyr” as socially constructed and contested along gendered and political lines, this chapter examines how heroes and martyrs have been produced and deployed in post-revolutionary Tunisia. It begins by examining governmental attempts, launched soon after the revolution, to monopolize and institutionally define who could benefit from official recognition as a martyr. It then unpacks the differences in definitions of “martyrdom” between official institutions and families of the deceased, arguing that “martyr” is a moral category, the boundaries of which are often drawn in terms of differing masculinities. The chapter goes on to demonstrate how the category of “martyrs of the nation” has progressively overshadowed the category of “martyrs of the revolution” in official memorial practices, as the commemoration of the revolution has progressively focused on its uniformed victims, leaving out the civilian ones.

The slave, the migrant and the ontological topographies of the international

An examination of the figure of the slave and the figure of migrant make visible important historical interconnections that sustain past and present elaborations of the human and ‘the international’. These interconnections have always been racialised and they have structurally constituted the making of an interdependent world community. A series of instrumentalised discourses, at times turned into rationalities that govern policies towards migrants, particularly in a post 9/11 context, increasingly normalises the idea that there are people that can be justifiably expelled from the civic/civil, and increasingly human sphere. The slave was forcefully removed, both physically from attachment to kin and land, and morally from the history of humankind. The migrant is pushed out of the bounds of the livable as well as the moral category of rights-bearer. The commonalities that configure both phenomena are rooted in an extractive supply economy and a hierarchised ordering of humans. The article uses the history of Frederick Douglas to show that the absence of ‘care’ as methodology of relationality limits the valence of interdependence as a marker of a globalised world. In doing so, it challenges the unexamined assumptions of new/posthumanism that advocates radical interdependence without interrogating the modalities of ‘humanity’ among different categories of humans.

Old Times' Sake as a Moral Category

In this paper I discuss the notion of old times’ sake, one which is hardly discussed by moral philosophers, and claim that it serves as a moral reason for us to act on behalf of the people we used to cherish: former friends, colleagues, neighbors, or spouses. While our relationship with them has ended, the building-blocks of our identity will continue to bear their fingerprints, and they will ever be an important part of our biography. Acting for old times’ sake reflects both our caring about them, and our caring about our own past, biography, and accumulated identity. Why the relationship has ceased will of course affect our attitude towards them. Although old times’ sake might not always be a decisive factor, it still serves as a moral reason for action.

Indignation for moral violations suppresses the tongue motor cortex: preliminary TMS evidence

We commonly label moral violations in terms of ‘disgust’, yet it remains unclear whether metaphorical expressions linking disgust and morality are genuinely shared at the cognitive/neural level. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we provide new insights into this debate by measuring motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the tongue generated by TMS over the tongue primary motor area (tM1) in a small group of healthy participants presented with vignettes of moral transgressions and non-moral vignettes. We tested whether moral indignation, felt while evaluating moral vignettes, affected tM1 excitability. Vignettes exerted a variable influence on MEPs with no net effect of the moral category. However, in accordance with our recent study documenting reduced tM1 excitability during exposure to pictures of disgusting foods or facial expressions of distaste, we found that the vignettes of highly disapproved moral violations reduced tM1 excitability. Moreover, tM1 excitability and moral indignation were linearly correlated: the higher the moral indignation, the lower the tM1 excitability. Respective changes in MEPs were not observed in a non-oral control muscle, suggesting a selective decrease of tM1 excitability. These preliminary findings provide neurophysiological evidence supporting the hypothesis that morality might have originated from the more primitive experience of oral distaste.

What is a Child?

This chapter outlines an account of what it means to be a child, and why childhood matters as a moral category. I argue that despite concerns, a theory should take childhood simply to mean people below the age of 18. I argue that childhood matters because children’s malleability and vulnerability mean they are poorly served by existing accounts of liberal justice.

Lying, Misleading, and Dishonesty

An important moral category—dishonest speech—has been overlooked in theoretical ethics despite its importance in legal, political, and everyday social exchanges. Discussion in this area has instead been fixated on a binary debate over the contrast between lying and ‘merely misleading’ (that is, attempting to deceive someone without uttering a literal falsehood). Some see lying as a distinctive wrong; others see it as morally equivalent to deliberately omitting relevant truths, falsely insinuating, or any other species of attempted verbal deception. Parties to this debate have missed the relevance to their disagreement of the notion of communicative dishonesty. Communicative dishonesty need not take the form of a lie, yet its wrongness does not reduce to the wrongness of seeking to deceive. This paper therefore proposes a major shift of attention away from the lying/misleading debate and towards the topic of communicative dishonesty (or ‘dishonesty’ for short). Dishonesty is not a simple notion to define, however. It presupposes a difficult distinction between what is and is not expressed in a given utterance. This differs from the more familiar distinction between what is and is not said, the distinction at the heart of the lying/misleading debate. This paper uses an idea central to speech act theory to characterize dishonesty in terms of the utterer’s communicative intentions, and applies the resulting definition to a variety of contexts.