Compression Wood does not Form in the Roots of Pinus Radiata

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C.Y. Hsu ◽  
John C.F. Walker ◽  
Brian G. Butterfield ◽  
Sandra L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Wood Compression

We investigated the potential for the roots of Pinus radiata D. Don to form compression wood. Compression wood was not observed in either the tap or any lateral roots further than 300 mm from the base of the stem. This suggests that either the roots do not experience the stresses required to induce compression wood formation, or that they lack the ability to form it. Roots artificially subjected to mechanical stress also failed to develop compression wood. It is therefore unlikely that an absence of a compressive load on buried roots can account for the lack of compression wood. Application of auxin to the cambia of lateral roots was similarly ineffective at inducing the formation of compression wood. These observations suggest that the buried roots of radiata pine lack the ability to develop compression wood. We also report the formation of an atypical S3 wall layer in the mechanically-stressed and auxin-treated tracheids and suggest that a reaction wood that is different to compression wood may well form in roots.

Histochemistry of reaction wood differentiation in Pinus radiata D. Don

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Histochemical tests have been applied to a study of the differentiation of the cell walls in reaction wood (compression wood) formed in the stems of horizontally grown seedlings of Pinus radiata. The results are discussed on the basis of the chemical specificity of the tests and the information they provide as to the chemical changes which occur in the cell walls.

Stem form and compression wood formation in young Pinus radiata trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lachenbruch ◽  
Fernando Droppelmann ◽  
Claudio Balocchi ◽  
Miguel Peredo ◽  
Erika Perez
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Lean Angle ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees

The crooked stems of some individuals of radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) can hinder volume recovery and wood quality. To infer causes of crookedness and to learn how lean angle affects compression wood (CW) formation we studied 5-year-old trees in southern Chile. Eight initially straight and eight initially crooked trees were tethered initially to angles of 15° or 30° or were left untethered for 131 days (48 trees total). There were no significant differences between straight and crooked trees in the extent of CW in pretreatment wood or in the relationship between stem angle and CW extent. Crooked trees, however, righted themselves more quickly than did straight trees at angles <15°, a result that supports the overcompensation hypothesis for the development of crooked stems. Stem angle had a complex effect on CW extent. In 2- to 3-year-old wood there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. One-year-old wood produced less CW at stem angles <10° than at stem angles >10°, but above or below that threshold, there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. The intertree differences in CW extent, as well as the correlation of leader CW extent with bole CW in the best individuals, suggests that CW assays could be used for early screening for wood quality.

Characterizing compression wood formed in radiata pine branches

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Xinguo Li ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Washington Gapare ◽  
Xiaohui Yang ◽  
Harry X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril Orientation ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation

The formation of reaction wood is an adaptive feature of trees in response to various mechanical forces. In gymnosperms, reaction wood consists of compression wood (CW) and opposite wood (OW) that are formed on the underside and upperside of bent trunks and branches. Although reaction wood formed in bent trunks has been extensively investigated, relatively little has been reported from conifer branches. In this study SilviScan® technology was used to characterize radiata pine branches at high resolution. Compared to OW formed in the branches, CW showed greater growth, darker colour, thicker tracheid walls, higher coarseness, larger microfibril angle (MFA), higher wood density, lower extensional stiffness and smaller internal specific surface area. However, tracheids of CW were similar to those of OW in their radial and tangential diameters. These results indicated that gravity influenced tracheid cell division and secondary wall formation but had limited impact on primary wall expansion. Furthermore, seasonal patterns of CW formation were not observed in the branches from cambial age 4 while earlywood and latewood were clearly separated in all rings of OW. The marked change of MFA during reaction wood formation suggested that branches could be ideal materials for further study of cellulose microfibril orientation.

scholarly journals The significance of compression wood in restoration of the leader in Pinus sihestris L. damaged by moose (Alces alces). II. Structure of growth rings in regenerating stems in relation to juvenile wood formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Molski
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Late Wood ◽  
Wood Compression

The corewood of pine ds very prone to compression wood formation, this changing the whole pattern of the tree ring structure and the siz.es of early and late wood. Compression wood always increases the formation of late wood at the expense of early wood. Tree rings with compression wood are generally wider than those without it, but there occur also tree rings wihout compression wood wider than those in which it is present, formed in the same year and in the same tree.

scholarly journals Variability of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) compression strength with present reaction wood

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gryc ◽  
H. Vavrčík
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Strength Limit ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Wood Strength

The aim of research was to find out the variability of spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> [L.]) Karst.) wood compression strength limits in the direction parallel to grain. The wood strength was examined using samples from a tree with present reaction (compression) wood. The strength was found out for individual stem zones (CW, OW, SWL and SWR). The zone with present compression wood (CW) demonstrated slightly higher values of wood strength limits. The differences in the limits of compression strength parallel to grain in individual zones were not statistically significant. All the data acquired by measuring were used to create 3D models for each zone. The models describe the strength along the radius and along the stem height. The change of strength along the stem radius was statistically highly significant. There was an obvious tendency towards an increase in the strength limit in the first 40 years. With the increased stem height, there is a slight decrease in wood strength.

The nature of reaction wood. VIII. The structure and differentiation of compression wood

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop ◽  
GW Davies
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Cell Wall Organization ◽  
Cytoplasmic Organization ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ground Substance

The cell wall organization of tracheids of natural and chemically induced compression wood of Pinus radiata and Actinostrobus pyramidalis has been shown to be the same, and is similar to that established in previous studies of natural compression wood. In the secondary wall only two layers were present. In the second of these there was a well-developed system of helical cavities, separating ribs of cellulose. The ribs of cellulose were parallel to the direction of microfibril orientation; were complex in form; and the cellulose lamellae lay parallel with the wall surface. A well-developed wart structure was present. During the differentiation of compression wood tracheids, the intercellular spaces were formed during the phase of surface enlargement of the differentiating tracheids. At an early stage the intercellular spaces appeared to contain cytoplasmic ground substance. During the development of the layer S1 the cytoplasmic organization was similar to that of normal tracheids, the cells containing a large vacuole with a well-developed tonoplast and plasmalemma. During the development of the layer S2 the cytoplasm contained numerous small vesicles with no large vacuoles, and in many instances the plasmalemma was absent. At the conclusion of the differentiation of the cell the plasmalemma was again present and penetrated the helical cavities of the wall. Compression wood induced by 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) alone, gibberellic acid (GA) alone, or IAA and GA in combination was identical with that formed under natural conditions. The localized lateral application of IAA to vertical stems caused conspicuous bending of the stem as well as compression wood formation.

Detection and mapping of resin canals by image analysis in transverse sections of mechanically perturbed, young Pinus radiata trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Thomas ◽  
David A. Collings
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Flatbed Scanner ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Resin Canals

We describe a novel, semi-automatic method for the detection, visualisation and quantification of axially oriented resin canals in transverse sections of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) trees. Sections were imaged with a flatbed scanner using circularly polarised transmitted light, with the resin canals that contained only primary cell walls appearing dark against a bright background of highly-birefringent tracheids. These images were analysed using ImageJ software and allowed for a non-biased, automated detection of resin canals and their spatial distribution across the entire stem. We analysed 8-month-old trees that had been subjected to tilting to induce compression wood and rocking to simulate the effects of wind. These experiments showed that both rocking and tilting promoted the formation of wood and confirmed that resin canals were most common adjacent to the pith. Both the rocking and tilting treatments caused a decrease in the number of resin canals per unit area when compared to vertical controls, but this change was due to the increased formation of wood by these treatments. In tilted samples, however, analysis of resin canal distribution showed that canals were more common on the lower sides of stems but these canals were excluded from regions that formed compression wood.

Toppling in British Columbia's Lodgepole Pine Plantations: Significance, Cause and Prevention

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Burdett ◽  
P. A. F. Martin ◽  
H. Coates ◽  
R. Eremko
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Root Morphogenesis ◽  
Primary Lateral

Young trees sometimes lean, or topple by pivoting about a point below the ground. Geotropic curvature in the lower part of the stem restores the leading shoot to the vertical. The resultant stem bowing reduces potential lumber recovery, and is associated with reaction wood formation. Toppling has occurred in lodgepole pine (Pinus conforta Dougl.) plantations throughout British Columbia. Generally the number of trees affected has been small; although in the southern interior of the province the majority of trees in some plantations have toppled. In areas where toppling in planted trees has occurred, naturally established lodgepole pine is relatively stable. Since planted trees are usually of the native provenance, this suggests that toppling in plantations is primarily the result of nursery and planting effects on root morphology. More normal root morphogenesis, and hence greater stability can be achieved by planting young seedlings that retain the capacity to initiate primary lateral roots. Pruning the lateral roots of older stock provides another approach. A chemical method for pruning lateral roots of container-grown lodgepole pine seedlings has been developed and adopted commercially in British Columbia and elsewhere.

scholarly journals The Nature of Reaction Wood II. The Cell Wall Organization of Compression Wood Tracheids

1950 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop ◽  
HE Dadswell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Large Angle ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Micellar Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Similar Length ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Cell Wall Organization

Optical and X-ray methQds have been used in the examinatiQn Qf the secQndarycell wall Qf cQmpressiQn WQQd tracheids from a number Qf species QfgymnDsperms.By these methQds it has been shQwn that the cell wall Qf CQmpressiQn WQQd tracheidscDnsists Qf two. layers. In the Quter layer the micelles are inclined at a large angle 'to. the lQngitudinal axis Qf the tracheid, while in the inner layer the micelles areinclined at a relatively smaller angle. In the inner Df the two. layers there exist radialdiscQntinuities in the spiral micellar structure, which are visible as IQngitudinal striatiQnsin the cell wall. These discQntinuities also. aCCQunt for the radial distributiQn Qflignin which is observed in transverse sectiQns Qf cQmpressiQn WQQd tracheids. Bydetermining the average tracheid length Qf the last-fDrmed late WQod in the variQusgrowth rings Df several eccentric stems Qf Pinus radiata D.DQn it has been shDwn thatthe tracheids Qf cQmpressiQn WQQd are appreciably shQrter than WQuld be the case ifno. cQmpressiQn WQQd were present. A study Qf the change in micellar QrientatiQn withchange in tracheid length has indicated that the angle Qf micellar QrientatiQn in CQmpressiQnWQQd tracheids dQes nQt differ signific(mtly frQm that existing in nQrmalWQQd tracheids Qf similar length. In so. far as the prQperties Qf WQQd are determinedby cell wall QrganizatiQn, it is cQncluded that cQmparisQns between cQmpressiQn WQDdand normal WQQd shQuld be made Qn material Qf the same tracheid length and spiralQrganizatiDn. It is suggested that bQth the reductiQn in tracheid length and eccentricradial growth in stems cQntaining cQmpressiQn WQQd are to. be attributed to. an increasein the number Df bDth transverse and tangential lQngitudinal divisiQns Qf thefusifQrm initials Qf the cambium.

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