Stem form and compression wood formation in young Pinus radiata trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lachenbruch ◽  
Fernando Droppelmann ◽  
Claudio Balocchi ◽  
Miguel Peredo ◽  
Erika Perez
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Lean Angle ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees

The crooked stems of some individuals of radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) can hinder volume recovery and wood quality. To infer causes of crookedness and to learn how lean angle affects compression wood (CW) formation we studied 5-year-old trees in southern Chile. Eight initially straight and eight initially crooked trees were tethered initially to angles of 15° or 30° or were left untethered for 131 days (48 trees total). There were no significant differences between straight and crooked trees in the extent of CW in pretreatment wood or in the relationship between stem angle and CW extent. Crooked trees, however, righted themselves more quickly than did straight trees at angles <15°, a result that supports the overcompensation hypothesis for the development of crooked stems. Stem angle had a complex effect on CW extent. In 2- to 3-year-old wood there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. One-year-old wood produced less CW at stem angles <10° than at stem angles >10°, but above or below that threshold, there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. The intertree differences in CW extent, as well as the correlation of leader CW extent with bole CW in the best individuals, suggests that CW assays could be used for early screening for wood quality.

Detection and mapping of resin canals by image analysis in transverse sections of mechanically perturbed, young Pinus radiata trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Thomas ◽  
David A. Collings
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Flatbed Scanner ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Resin Canals

We describe a novel, semi-automatic method for the detection, visualisation and quantification of axially oriented resin canals in transverse sections of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) trees. Sections were imaged with a flatbed scanner using circularly polarised transmitted light, with the resin canals that contained only primary cell walls appearing dark against a bright background of highly-birefringent tracheids. These images were analysed using ImageJ software and allowed for a non-biased, automated detection of resin canals and their spatial distribution across the entire stem. We analysed 8-month-old trees that had been subjected to tilting to induce compression wood and rocking to simulate the effects of wind. These experiments showed that both rocking and tilting promoted the formation of wood and confirmed that resin canals were most common adjacent to the pith. Both the rocking and tilting treatments caused a decrease in the number of resin canals per unit area when compared to vertical controls, but this change was due to the increased formation of wood by these treatments. In tilted samples, however, analysis of resin canal distribution showed that canals were more common on the lower sides of stems but these canals were excluded from regions that formed compression wood.

Compression Wood does not Form in the Roots of Pinus Radiata

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C.Y. Hsu ◽  
John C.F. Walker ◽  
Brian G. Butterfield ◽  
Sandra L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Wood Compression

We investigated the potential for the roots of Pinus radiata D. Don to form compression wood. Compression wood was not observed in either the tap or any lateral roots further than 300 mm from the base of the stem. This suggests that either the roots do not experience the stresses required to induce compression wood formation, or that they lack the ability to form it. Roots artificially subjected to mechanical stress also failed to develop compression wood. It is therefore unlikely that an absence of a compressive load on buried roots can account for the lack of compression wood. Application of auxin to the cambia of lateral roots was similarly ineffective at inducing the formation of compression wood. These observations suggest that the buried roots of radiata pine lack the ability to develop compression wood. We also report the formation of an atypical S3 wall layer in the mechanically-stressed and auxin-treated tracheids and suggest that a reaction wood that is different to compression wood may well form in roots.

Implications of selection history on genetic architecture of growth, form, and wood-quality traits in Pinus radiata

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 2372-2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kumar ◽  
R. D. Burdon ◽  
G. T. Stovold ◽  
L. D. Gea
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Selection History

Clonal trials of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine), representing two populations (or breeds), one selected for growth and form (GF) and the other selected for high wood density as well as growth and form (HD), were replicated on two low-altitude New Zealand sites: Tarawera (pumice soil, 38°08′S) and Woodhill (coastal dune, 36°42′S). The GF material comprised 33 pair-crosses (19 parents) × 10 clones, and the HD material comprised 19 single-pair crosses (35 parents) × 10 clones, with six ramets per clone per site. Diameter (DBH), two tree-form variables, and needle retention (NRA) were assessed 8 years after planting, and wood density (DEN), acoustic velocity, and collapse were assessed 9 years after planting. The site differences were generally expressed more strongly in the GF population. Estimated genetic parameters were mostly similar for the two breeds, except that genotypic correlation between DBH and DEN was apparently zero in the HD population. Estimated broad-sense heritabilities (H2) were generally markedly higher than narrow-sense heritability estimates (h2), except with DEN. Estimated between-site type-B clonal genotypic correlations were generally high (>0.8) for wood properties. Overall, DBH showed adverse genetic correlations with wood properties. The Elite/Breed strategy appeared to be helpful in combating adverse genetic correlations.

scholarly journals Wood quality assessment of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) saplings by dynamic mechanical analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharma ◽  
M. Brennan ◽  
S. S. Chauhan ◽  
K. M. Entwistle ◽  
C. M. Altaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical

scholarly journals A functional–structural model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata) focusing on tree architecture and wood quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1155-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Paulina Fernández ◽  
Aldo Norero ◽  
Jorge R. Vera ◽  
Eduardo Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Tree Architecture

A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IN XYLEM DEVELOPMENT AND COMPRESSION WOOD FORMATION IN TAXODIUM DISTICHUM SEEDLINGS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Du ◽  
Fukuju Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
One Year ◽  
Different Levels

One-year-old Taxodium distichum seedlings were decapitated and attached to plastic tubing for ‘force feeding’ of liquid media containing different levels of calcium regulating chemicals. The decapitated stems were either vertically placed or tilted at an angle of 45° to be gravitationally stressed. After an eight-week period of culture, diameter growth occurred at 1–3 cm below the cut ends and a large quantity of compression wood cells had differentiated on the lower side of tilted stems that were fed with a modified WPM control medium. However, the application of EGTA, a calcium chelating agent, and LaCl3, a calcium channel blocker, at concentrations of 20 or 50 mM and 1.0 mM, respectively, inhibited the formation of compression wood and the wall thickness of tracheid cells. The results suggested an involvement of calcium in the gravi-stimulated compression wood formation of conifers.

Sinuous stem growth in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation: growth patterns and wood-quality effects

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Spicer ◽  
B L Gartner ◽  
R L Darbyshire
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Tree Biomechanics

Stem sinuosity is thought to negatively impact wood quality, but no studies have characterized its vertical and radial effects on wood properties. Here we study wood quality along the entire stem in 25-year-old plantation-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees (32 trees total) that had been scored for sinuosity at age 12. We also study compression wood formation in the radial direction for one internode that had been scored for sinuosity at age 12 and subsequently produced 13 more annual rings. Trees with highly sinuous leaders at age 12 were more likely to be sinuous in other years, and developed more slope of grain defect (approximately 15% log volume) than less sinuous trees, but did not differ in the size of the pith-containing core. Leaders originally scored as highly sinuous developed more compression wood than control trees but only near the pith. Internode length did not differ among sinuosity classes. The size of the pith deviations (radial distance from centreline) remained constant up the stem despite a decline in internode length. However, the frequency of pith deviations was highest at 10-15 years, when internode length reached a peak. The relationship between temporal patterns of growth rate, sinuosity, and tree biomechanics deserves further attention.

scholarly journals Genetics of Shrinkage in Juvenile Trees of Pinus radiata D. Don From Two Test Sites in Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Gapare ◽  
M. Ivković ◽  
M. B. Powell ◽  
T. A. McRae ◽  
H. X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Radial Shrinkage ◽  
Progeny Tests

Abstract To examine the genetic control of wood shrinkage (radial, tangential and longitudinal) in juvenile wood of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), we assessed samples collected at breast height in two related progeny tests of age 8 and 9 years, established at two different sites in Australia. Green to oven-dry tangential and radial shrinkage for the outer-rings was similar at both sites. Similarly, mean longitudinal shrinkage for the outer-rings was similar at both sites (0.3%, ranging from 0.1 to 1.9 at Flynn and 0.4%, ranging from 0.02 to 1.6, at Kromelite). Mean longitudinal shrinkage for the inner-rings was 4 times greater than that of the outerrings at both sites. The magnitude of the gradient of longitudinal shrinkage from pith to bark (0.001 to 2.9%) is large enough to cause distortion problems including twist and warp, during drying of sawn boards. These values also suggest that shrinkage in the juvenile core of radiata pine is of major economic importance and therefore should be improved either through genetics or silviculture. Individual-tree narrow-sense individual heritability for tangential and radial shrinkage in the outer-rings (4-6) was moderate at Flynn (0.24 ± 0.09 and 0.26±0.07, respectively). There was a lack of significant genetic variation for longitudinal shrinkage in the outer-rings but significant genetic control for the inner-rings (1-2) (h2 = 0.26 ± 0.07). More samples per family are required to detect significant genetic variation for shrinkage traits than other traits due to higher background variation in sampling and measuring shrinkage traits relative to other wood quality traits such as density, microfibril angle (MfA), spiral grain and modulus of elasticity (MoE).

Are Rays and Resin Canals Causal Sites for Intra-Ring Checking in the Wood of Pinus Radiata?

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hema Nair ◽  
Brian Butterfield ◽  
Sandra Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Linear Arrangement ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Resin Canals

Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) wood can develop a wood quality defect called ‘intra-ring checking’ (checks) during kiln drying. A study was conducted to examine if rays and resin canals were the initiation sites of checks, and if the presence of the rays and resin canals increased the susceptibility of radiata pine wood to checking. The structural features associated with checking were observed in images of thirteen oven-dried radiata pine disks. Six of the sixty checks observed were associated with rays and resin canals. It is clear from the observations that rays and resin canals could not be the primary sites for check development. A comparative study showed some differences between the checked and non-checked wood with respect to rays and resin canals. Checked wood showed a higher amount of tissue area occupied by rays than the nonchecked wood. Hence, it is possible that rays can influence the tendency of wood to check. Such a relationship was not seen with respect to resin canals. However, a difference in the arrangement of resin canals was observed between checked and non-checked wood. Checked wood showed a scattered arrangement of resin canals, while the non-checked wood showed a linear arrangement.

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