Are Rays and Resin Canals Causal Sites for Intra-Ring Checking in the Wood of Pinus Radiata?

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hema Nair ◽  
Brian Butterfield ◽  
Sandra Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Linear Arrangement ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Resin Canals

Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) wood can develop a wood quality defect called ‘intra-ring checking’ (checks) during kiln drying. A study was conducted to examine if rays and resin canals were the initiation sites of checks, and if the presence of the rays and resin canals increased the susceptibility of radiata pine wood to checking. The structural features associated with checking were observed in images of thirteen oven-dried radiata pine disks. Six of the sixty checks observed were associated with rays and resin canals. It is clear from the observations that rays and resin canals could not be the primary sites for check development. A comparative study showed some differences between the checked and non-checked wood with respect to rays and resin canals. Checked wood showed a higher amount of tissue area occupied by rays than the nonchecked wood. Hence, it is possible that rays can influence the tendency of wood to check. Such a relationship was not seen with respect to resin canals. However, a difference in the arrangement of resin canals was observed between checked and non-checked wood. Checked wood showed a scattered arrangement of resin canals, while the non-checked wood showed a linear arrangement.

Detection and mapping of resin canals by image analysis in transverse sections of mechanically perturbed, young Pinus radiata trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Thomas ◽  
David A. Collings
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Flatbed Scanner ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Resin Canals

We describe a novel, semi-automatic method for the detection, visualisation and quantification of axially oriented resin canals in transverse sections of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) trees. Sections were imaged with a flatbed scanner using circularly polarised transmitted light, with the resin canals that contained only primary cell walls appearing dark against a bright background of highly-birefringent tracheids. These images were analysed using ImageJ software and allowed for a non-biased, automated detection of resin canals and their spatial distribution across the entire stem. We analysed 8-month-old trees that had been subjected to tilting to induce compression wood and rocking to simulate the effects of wind. These experiments showed that both rocking and tilting promoted the formation of wood and confirmed that resin canals were most common adjacent to the pith. Both the rocking and tilting treatments caused a decrease in the number of resin canals per unit area when compared to vertical controls, but this change was due to the increased formation of wood by these treatments. In tilted samples, however, analysis of resin canal distribution showed that canals were more common on the lower sides of stems but these canals were excluded from regions that formed compression wood.

Implications of selection history on genetic architecture of growth, form, and wood-quality traits in Pinus radiata

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 2372-2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kumar ◽  
R. D. Burdon ◽  
G. T. Stovold ◽  
L. D. Gea
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Selection History

Clonal trials of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine), representing two populations (or breeds), one selected for growth and form (GF) and the other selected for high wood density as well as growth and form (HD), were replicated on two low-altitude New Zealand sites: Tarawera (pumice soil, 38°08′S) and Woodhill (coastal dune, 36°42′S). The GF material comprised 33 pair-crosses (19 parents) × 10 clones, and the HD material comprised 19 single-pair crosses (35 parents) × 10 clones, with six ramets per clone per site. Diameter (DBH), two tree-form variables, and needle retention (NRA) were assessed 8 years after planting, and wood density (DEN), acoustic velocity, and collapse were assessed 9 years after planting. The site differences were generally expressed more strongly in the GF population. Estimated genetic parameters were mostly similar for the two breeds, except that genotypic correlation between DBH and DEN was apparently zero in the HD population. Estimated broad-sense heritabilities (H2) were generally markedly higher than narrow-sense heritability estimates (h2), except with DEN. Estimated between-site type-B clonal genotypic correlations were generally high (>0.8) for wood properties. Overall, DBH showed adverse genetic correlations with wood properties. The Elite/Breed strategy appeared to be helpful in combating adverse genetic correlations.

scholarly journals Wood quality assessment of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) saplings by dynamic mechanical analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharma ◽  
M. Brennan ◽  
S. S. Chauhan ◽  
K. M. Entwistle ◽  
C. M. Altaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical

scholarly journals A functional–structural model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata) focusing on tree architecture and wood quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1155-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Paulina Fernández ◽  
Aldo Norero ◽  
Jorge R. Vera ◽  
Eduardo Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Tree Architecture

scholarly journals Genetics of Shrinkage in Juvenile Trees of Pinus radiata D. Don From Two Test Sites in Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Gapare ◽  
M. Ivković ◽  
M. B. Powell ◽  
T. A. McRae ◽  
H. X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Radial Shrinkage ◽  
Progeny Tests

Abstract To examine the genetic control of wood shrinkage (radial, tangential and longitudinal) in juvenile wood of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), we assessed samples collected at breast height in two related progeny tests of age 8 and 9 years, established at two different sites in Australia. Green to oven-dry tangential and radial shrinkage for the outer-rings was similar at both sites. Similarly, mean longitudinal shrinkage for the outer-rings was similar at both sites (0.3%, ranging from 0.1 to 1.9 at Flynn and 0.4%, ranging from 0.02 to 1.6, at Kromelite). Mean longitudinal shrinkage for the inner-rings was 4 times greater than that of the outerrings at both sites. The magnitude of the gradient of longitudinal shrinkage from pith to bark (0.001 to 2.9%) is large enough to cause distortion problems including twist and warp, during drying of sawn boards. These values also suggest that shrinkage in the juvenile core of radiata pine is of major economic importance and therefore should be improved either through genetics or silviculture. Individual-tree narrow-sense individual heritability for tangential and radial shrinkage in the outer-rings (4-6) was moderate at Flynn (0.24 ± 0.09 and 0.26±0.07, respectively). There was a lack of significant genetic variation for longitudinal shrinkage in the outer-rings but significant genetic control for the inner-rings (1-2) (h2 = 0.26 ± 0.07). More samples per family are required to detect significant genetic variation for shrinkage traits than other traits due to higher background variation in sampling and measuring shrinkage traits relative to other wood quality traits such as density, microfibril angle (MfA), spiral grain and modulus of elasticity (MoE).

The pathogenicity of Diplodia pinea to Pinus radiata D. Don

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Marks ◽  
G Minko
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Traumatic Resin Canals ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Very High ◽  
Considerable Damage

In the Pinus radiata stands of north-eastern Victoria the symptom "dead top" is common and consistently associated with the fungus Diplodia pinea. In order to resolve the pathogenic status of D. pinea, its association with disease symptoms has been studied by histological examination and tissue isolations following greenhouse and field inoculations. Malformations were associated with infection by D. pinea and although the amount of tissue killed was small, the defect induced was considerable. Damage to the leader caused the greatest loss in wood quality. The fungus attacked the pith very readily after gaining access to this tissue through injuries and via needle or cone traces. In the pith, the fungus spread slowly downwards and was protected from changes in the external environment. Injection of D. pinea spores into the pith resulted in a very high percentage of infection, and caused the malformations and other symptoms associated with attack by this fungus in the field. Histological studies showed that the fungus spread rapidly in the pith tissues, causing alterations in cambial function which produced traumatic resin canals, parenchymatous cells, and compression wood. Field trials showed that fast-growing trees were more severely affected than slower-growing ones, and the latter recovered more quickly. The fungus persisted in the infected tissues for up to 400 days.

Predicting the cell-wall compositions of solid Pinus radiata (radiata pine) wood using NIR and ATR FTIR spectroscopies

Cellulose ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 7695-7716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leona M. Fahey ◽  
Michél K. Nieuwoudt ◽  
Philip J. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Pine Wood

Predicting the cell-wall compositions of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) wood using ATR and transmission FTIR spectroscopies

Cellulose ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 5275-5293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leona M. Fahey ◽  
Michél K. Nieuwoudt ◽  
Philip J. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Pine Wood

Stem form and compression wood formation in young Pinus radiata trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lachenbruch ◽  
Fernando Droppelmann ◽  
Claudio Balocchi ◽  
Miguel Peredo ◽  
Erika Perez
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Lean Angle ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees

The crooked stems of some individuals of radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) can hinder volume recovery and wood quality. To infer causes of crookedness and to learn how lean angle affects compression wood (CW) formation we studied 5-year-old trees in southern Chile. Eight initially straight and eight initially crooked trees were tethered initially to angles of 15° or 30° or were left untethered for 131 days (48 trees total). There were no significant differences between straight and crooked trees in the extent of CW in pretreatment wood or in the relationship between stem angle and CW extent. Crooked trees, however, righted themselves more quickly than did straight trees at angles <15°, a result that supports the overcompensation hypothesis for the development of crooked stems. Stem angle had a complex effect on CW extent. In 2- to 3-year-old wood there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. One-year-old wood produced less CW at stem angles <10° than at stem angles >10°, but above or below that threshold, there was no meaningful effect of angle on CW extent. The intertree differences in CW extent, as well as the correlation of leader CW extent with bole CW in the best individuals, suggests that CW assays could be used for early screening for wood quality.

Effect of thinning on relationships between three measures of wood stiffness in Pinus radiata: standing trees vs. logs vs. short clear specimens

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2870-2879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn A. Raymond ◽  
Bill Joe ◽  
Dean W. Anderson ◽  
Duncan J. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Wood Stiffness ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of thinning on the relationship of wood quality traits measured on standing trees (dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) and outerwood density) and traits measured on logs or short clear specimens was determined using data collected from radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) trees growing in 22 unthinned and 16 thinned plots of harvest age trees in New South Wales, Australia. Stiffness showed a linear decrease along the stem. Trees growing on thinned sites were, on average, 3% lower in stiffness at each height in the stem. MOE measured on short clear specimens was moderately related to standing tree MOE (R2 = 0.62) and outerwood density (R2 = 0.56) but less well related to MOE of the adjacent log (R2 = 0.30). Standing tree MOE was a better predictor of whole stem MOE for the thinned sites (R2 = 0.60) than for the unthinned sites (R2 = 0.31). Stiffness and density appear to follow different patterns of variation and results for density may not be extrapolated to stiffness. Outerwood density was a very poor predictor of mean whole stem stiffness (R2 = 0.14). Overall, the acoustic tool, TreeTap, was a better predictor of whole stem stiffness than outerwood density, particularly for the thinned sites.

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