The United States and Arctic Straits: The Northwest Passage and the Bering Strait

2015 ◽  
pp. 160-179 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Northwest Passage

scholarly journals Ice-Breaking Fleets of the United States and Canada: Assessing the Current State of Affairs and Future Plans

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Megan Drewniak ◽  
Dimitrios Dalaklis ◽  
Anastasia Christodoulou ◽  
Rebecca Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Ice Coverage ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs

In recent years, a continuous decline of ice-coverage in the Arctic has been recorded, but these high latitudes are still dominated by earth’s polar ice cap. Therefore, safe and sustainable shipping operations in this still frozen region have as a precondition the availability of ice-breaking support. The analysis in hand provides an assessment of the United States’ and Canada’s polar ice-breaking program with the purpose of examining to what extent these countries’ relevant resources are able to meet the facilitated growth of industrial interests in the High North. This assessment will specifically focus on the maritime transportation sector along the Northwest Passage and consists of four main sections. The first provides a very brief description of the main Arctic passages. The second section specifically explores the current situation of the Northwest Passage, including the relevant navigational challenges, lack of infrastructure, available routes that may be used for transit, potential choke points, and current state of vessel activity along these routes. The third one examines the economic viability of the Northwest Passage compared to that of the Panama Canal; the fourth and final section is investigating the current and future capabilities of the United States’ and Canada’s ice-breaking fleet. Unfortunately, both countries were found to be lacking the necessary assets with ice-breaking capabilities and will need to accelerate their efforts in order to effectively respond to the growing needs of the Arctic. The total number of available ice-breaking assets is impacting negatively the level of support by the marine transportation system of both the United States and Canada; these two countries are facing the possibility to be unable to effectively meet the expected future needs because of the lengthy acquisition and production process required for new ice-breaking fleets.

scholarly journals The Northwest Passage in the Arctic: A Brief Assessment of the Relevant Marine Transportation System and Current Availability of Search and Rescue Services

Logistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Rebecca Sheehan ◽  
Dimitrios Dalaklis ◽  
Anastasia Christodoulou ◽  
Megan Drewniak ◽  
Peter Raneri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Transportation ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
Traffic Routing ◽  
Brief Assessment

The analysis in hand provides a brief assessment of the United States’ and Canada’s marine transportation system and relevant search and rescue (SAR) support in relation to the Northwest Passage, with the purpose of examining to what extent these countries’ relevant infrastructure resources are able to meet the expected growth of shipping operations and business activities in the Arctic. Through an extensive literature review, this assessment will specifically describe the most important influences upon the maritime transportation system, with the issue of certain geographical details and the capabilities of existing ports standing out. Additionally, vessel activity trends and vessel traffic routing measure initiatives will be examined. Furthermore, the SAR infrastructure details and means to render assistance to people in distress along the Northwest Passage will be discussed. The reality remains that port characteristics are limited and vessel traffic routing measure initiatives and upgrades to SAR assets are commendable but slow-paced. It is true that both the United States and Canada are taking proper measures to build up infrastructure needs, but they both may run out of time to put adequate infrastructure in place to deal effectively with the changing environment.

Evidences of Early Man in Alaska

1943 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Hibben
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Northern Plains ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Northern Regions

Ever since the general acceptance of the theory that Bering Strait served as the entrance of man into North America, Alaska has been suggested as the most likely area for additional discoveries adding to our knowledge of Early Man. In spite of the fact that the bulk of these discoveries has occurred in the Southwest or in the far west of the United States proper, increasing attention has been paid to northern regions. The Folsom and also the Yuma problem (or problems as the case might be) have been traced into the northern Plains regions of Saskatchewan, Canada.

Multiple Migrations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Hunter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Westward Expansion ◽  
American Archaeology

Esotericism enters the Dighton Rock debate through the French mythographer Antoine Court de Gébelin and Monde Primitif (1781), who believes it to be Phoenician. Ezra Stiles also favours the Phoenician interpretation and incorporates it into his Gothicist-tinged Election Sermon (1783) which presents the United States as a place of White destiny. American westward expansion produces encounters with the mysterious earthworks of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and fuels the rise of American archaeology. Thomas Pennant in Arctic Zoology (1784) makes an influential case for the Bering Strait hypothesis of the Indigenous arrival in the Americas. Corneille de Pauw publishes Recherches philosophiques (1768-69) arguing the degenerative effect on all life of the climate of the Americas.The Anglo-Irish antiquarian Charles Vallancey argues Dighton Rock was the work of ancient migrants from Asia who were moved aside by the inferior Tartar ancestors of Native Americans. Vallancey’s theory finds near-simultaneous acceptance in a circle of theorists around Stiles as an explanation for the so-called Mound Builders. The author defines this interpretation of American prehistory as the multiple migration displacement scenario.

More than the Sum of the Parts: Diversity and Status of Ecological Systems

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Adams ◽  
Dennis H. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Good Friend ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
William Clark ◽  
Meriwether Lewis ◽  
Personal Library ◽  
Commander In Chief

On July 5, 1803, Captain Meriwether Lewis of the First Infantry left Washington, D.C., and headed west. His destination was St. Louis, Missouri, where he was to take command, with his good friend William Clark, of the aptly named Corps of Discovery. President Thomas Jefferson had long dreamed of exploring the West, and on the day before Lewis set out from the capital, Jefferson doubled the size of the country, purchasing 820,000 square miles from France for 3 cents an acre. Jefferson planned the expedition partly to expand commerce in the young nation—he sought the “Northwest Passage,” a water route from coast to coast—but, just as important, to further scientific understanding. Lewis shared with his commander in chief a deep curiosity about the natural world, and the expedition set out with a presidential charge to discover the flora and fauna of the United States. Jefferson, as talented a scientist as has ever held the office of president, introduced Lewis to the leading natural scientists of the day, and they trained him to collect samples of plants and animals. Jefferson instructed the two commanders to record everything they could about the countryside—“the soil and face of the country, its growth and vegetable productions . . . the animals of the country . . . the remains and accounts of any which may be deemed rare or extinct,” he said. And so they did, plainly but accurately. Jefferson’s personal library, one of the largest collections in the country and later the nucleus of the Library of Congress, included copies of works by Linnaeus and John Bartram, along with many other scientific texts. Meriwether Lewis served as Jefferson’s private secretary for two years before leading the expedition west, and Jefferson undoubtedly introduced his protégé to those works. The Corps of Discovery, like the Bartrams and Peter Kalm, played an important role in the ongoing effort to document the natural heritage of the United States.

Arctic Ocean Shipping

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-88
Author(s):  
Donald R. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
Ocean Shipping

AbstractArctic Ocean shipping is on the brink of becoming a critical legal, geopolitical and security issue as a result of the impacts of climate change and increased interest in the Arctic Ocean from States that traditionally did not operate within the region. The law of the sea throughunclosprovides the key legal framework for the regulation of Arctic Ocean shipping, supplemented and extended by relatedimoconventions and national laws and regulations. This framework has been relied upon by the two major North American Arctic States – Canada and the United States – to develop the legal regime for the Northwest Passage and the Bering Strait. There have been historic disagreements between Canada and the United States with respect to the Northwest Passage, and while not resolved they have to date been managed through legal and political responses. Other straits may become more strategically significant as a result of climate change, including Nares Strait between Canada and Greenland.eezand high seas Arctic Ocean navigation by foreign flagged vessels also needs to be anticipated. Multiple issues are raised with respect to maritime security and the adequacy of the existing legal regime, including how Canada and the United States will respond to interest being expressed in Arctic shipping by Asian States such as China.

scholarly journals Arctic Sea Routes: Potential New Pathways for Nonindigenous Species Spread + Supplementary Appendix 1 (See Article Tools)

ARCTIC ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duy Nong ◽  
Amanda M. Countryman ◽  
Travis Warziniack ◽  
Erin K. Grey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nonindigenous Species ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Marine Climate

 This paper evaluates the potential effects of future commercial shipping through the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage on the spread of nonindigenous species (NIS) between Europe, the United States, and the Asia-Pacific region. We modeled NIS spread risk as a function of two factors: NIS introduction and NIS establishment. The change in risk of NIS introduction from one region to another is based on the expected commodity trade flow between the two regions given Arctic shipping routes. The risk of NIS establishment is based on current marine climate similarities between regions and projected 2030 terrestrial climate similarities. Results indicate that the United States, China, and Japan are at greatest risk for increased terrestrial and marine NIS spread to and from one another given their relatively high levels of trading activity and terrestrial and marine climate similarities. While increased trade between European and Asia-Pacific countries is expected in the future, only Japan has terrestrial climate similar enough to that of European countries to be considered a substantial terrestrial NIS spread risk, while China has the potential to increase the risk of marine NIS species spread in Europe.

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