Electroplating of Indium-Cadmium and Tin-Cadmium Alloy Coatings

Technological parameters for electroplating cadmium alloy (Cd (24)-In and Cd (33)-Sn) coatings from low toxic solutions have been proposed. Since the fabricated alloy coatings possess low internal stress and microhardness, good adhesion property, high corrosion and wear resistance, they can be used as protective coatings for machine building products to enhance reliability and operability thereof. The presence of good solderability and low values of transient electric resistance in climatic testing favor these coatings to be applied in hetero-structured contact systems of instrument making products for increasing their reliability and operability in a tropical marine climate.

Ocean climate connectivity and the future range shifts of marine biodiversity.

Shifting distribution to track suitable climate is a potential strategy for marine species to cope with ocean warming. Yet, the ability of species to successfully reach future climate analogs largely depends on the length of the paths that connect them, and on the exposure of these paths to extreme climates during this transition. Here, we evaluate marine climate connectivity for trajectories between climatic analogs on a global scale. We find that while movement between climatic analogs is more intense in the northern seas of the planet, they require longer trajectories to reach climatic analogs, with high climatic exposure to extreme conditions. On the contrary, the southern seas host areas that have closer climatic analogs, further subjected to a lower exposure to dissimilar climates. These patterns are mirrored in the connectivity properties of the global marine protected areas, highlighting sites which might fail to facilitate connectivity to future climates. Our results suggest that potential shifts between climatic analogs might be subjected to more limitations than those suggested by previous studies, with marine connectivity offering novel insights for the establishment of climate-wise conservation future networks.

Another Decade of Marine Climate Change Experiments: Trends, Progress and Knowledge Gaps

Anthropogenic climate change is a significant driver of change in marine ecosystems globally. To improve mechanistic understanding of the impact of climate-related stressors, experimental work on marine organisms has intensified in recent decades. A previous synthesis paper published nearly a decade ago established that Marine Climate Change Experiments (MCCEs) published from 2000–2009 were primarily laboratory-based and focused on single stressors and individual focal temperate species. Using consistent methodology, we compared the 2000–2009 analysis to experiments published in the following decade (i.e. 2010–2019) to assess recent trends in MCCEs and to determine to what extent knowledge gaps and research priorities have been addressed. The search returned 854 papers, vs. 110 from the 2000s, indicating considerable intensification of research effort and output. We found again that single species studies were most common, particularly with benthic invertebrates as model organisms, and that laboratory-based research comprised over 90% of all studies. However, multiple stressor experiments increased substantially, where tests for interaction effects between ocean acidification (i.e., increased pCO2) and warming were particularly common. Furthermore, a wider range of model species were studied and more community-level experiments were conducted in the 2010s compared with the 2000s. In addition, studies on behavioral responses, transgenerational effects, genetic adaptation and extreme climatic events increased markedly. These recent advances in MCCEs have undoubtedly improved understanding of how climate change will affect marine organisms and the communities and ecosystems they underpin. Going forward, biases in the type and distribution of model organisms should be addressed to enhance general understanding of responses to environmental change. Similarly, experiments should manipulate a greater number and range of climate and non-climate factors and increase the number of target organisms to increase realism. Finally, where possible, further research should be combined and contextualized with field-based experiments and observations to better reflect the complexity of marine ecosystems and yield more representative responses to ocean climate change.

Skilful decadal-scale prediction of fish habitat and distribution shifts

Many fish and marine organisms are responding to our planet's changing climate by shifting their distribution (i.e. where they are found). Such shifts can drive conflicts at the international scale and are highly problematic for the communities and businesses that depend on these living marine resources for income and nutrition. Advances in climate prediction mean that in some regions the state of the ocean, and thereby the drivers of these shifts, can be skilfully forecast up to a decade ahead. However, the potential for these forecasts to benefit ocean-dependent communities has yet to be realised. Here we show for the first time that marine climate predictions can be used to generate decadal-scale forecasts of shifts in the habitat and distribution of marine fish species, as exemplified by Atlantic mackerel, bluefin tuna and blue whiting. We show statistically significant forecast skill of individual years that outperform both persistence and climatological baseline forecasts for lead times of 3-10 years: multi-year averages perform even better, yielding correlation coefficients in excess of 0.90 in some cases. We also show that the habitat shifts underling recent conflicts over Atlantic mackerel fishing rights could have been foreseen on similar timescales. Our results show that climate predictions can be translated into information directly relevant to stakeholders and we anticipate that this tool will be critical in foreseeing, adapting to and coping with the challenges of a changing and variable future climate, particularly in the most ocean-dependent nations and communities.

Long-Term Performance of Nanomodified Coated Concrete Structures under Hostile Marine Climate Conditions

Epoxy resin coatings are commonly used to protect concrete structures due to their excellent chemical corrosion resistance and strong adhesion capacity. However, these coatings are susceptible to damage by surface abrasion and long-term contact with marine climate conditions, deteriorating their appearance and performance. This study aims to optimize the performance of cement-based epoxy resin coatings, bisphenol-A and polyol, in aggressive environments by functionalizing the selected systems with different nanoparticles such as activated carbon, surface modified nanoclay, silica and zinc oxide. Nanomodified coatings were applied to concrete specimens and subjected to three weeks in a spray salt chamber and three weeks in a QUV chamber. They were found to present improved thermal resistance and curing degree after the weathering test. Their water permeability, adhesion, and abrasion resistance properties were evaluated before and after this test. The results showed that the nature of the nanocomposites determined their water permeability; the bare resin presented the worst result. Additionally, nanomodified composites with activated carbon and silica showed the best adherence and abrasion resistance properties, due to the effect of this aging test on their thermal stability and curing degree.

Discussion on the relationship between power generation output of intermittent offshore energy and Marine Climate and Environment -- Taking wave energy and solar energy as examples

In recent years, with the continuous promotion of China’s marine power strategy, the comprehensive development and application of marine resources in many aspects and in depth has become a trend. China’s South China Sea is vast and rich in resources, which has important national defense, economic and environmental significance for its comprehensive development and construction. The South China Sea is a vast sea area with abundant wave energy and solar energy. The pilot development and application of natural energy in this area is of great strategic and environmental significance for the decentralized power supply of deep-sea islands. Therefore, based on the actual application of the wave energy-solar power generation platform on YX Island, a comprehensive analysis is carried out based on the characteristics of the marine climate and environmental elements of the South China Sea, exploring the apparent efficiency of intermittent energy such as wave energy and solar energy under specific environmental conditions and putting forward relevant suggestions. The forecast will provide relevant theoretical basis and data support for the subsequent in-depth development, application and system optimization of renewable energy in the South my country Sea.