The Importance of Marine Science in Sustainable Fisheries: The Role of the 1995 un Fish Stocks Agreement

2018 ◽  
pp. 379-395
Keyword(s):  
Marine Science ◽  
Sustainable Fisheries ◽  
Fish Stocks

scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary effects of harvesting: lessons from the candy-fish experiment

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1281-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Diaz Pauli ◽  
Mikko Heino
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
General Public ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Sustainable Fisheries ◽  
Applied Ecology ◽  
Approach To Teaching ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable

Abstract Diaz Pauli, B., and Heino, M. 2013. Ecological and evolutionary effects of harvesting: lessons from the candy-fish experiment. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: . Understanding the challenges of sustainable fisheries management is not easy for non-specialists, and even many specialists fail to appreciate the potential evolutionary consequences of harvest. We propose candy-fish experiments as a savoury approach to teaching and disseminating the key principles of applied ecology and evolution to students, practitioners and the general public. We performed a simple experiment where the resource was represented by fish-shaped candy of distinct colours and flavours (strawberry and liquorice). Typically, harvesting was neither ecologically sustainable (55% of the populations were extinct by the end of the experiment) nor evolutionarily sustainable (most surviving populations had liquorice fish only). This harvest-induced evolution went apparently unnoticed. Somewhat encouragingly, the harvest was most likely ecologically sustainable when a person spontaneously took the role of a stock manager.

scholarly journals Herring and ICES: a historical sketch of a few ideas and their linkages

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1652-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Population Thinking ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Historical Sketch

Abstract Sinclair, M. 2009. Herring and ICES: a historical sketch of a few ideas and their linkages. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1652–1661. This introduction to the Symposium on “Linking Herring” sketches the development of some ideas generated from herring research within an ICES context. The work of Committee A (1902–1908), under the leadership of Johan Hjort, led to a paradigm shift from “migration thinking” to “population thinking” as the interpretation of fluctuations in herring landings. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the focus on forecasting services for the herring fisheries, although ultimately unsuccessful, had the unintended consequence of generating ideas on recruitment overfishing and the match–mismatch hypothesis. The collapse of the East Anglian fishery led, in 1956, to considerable debate on its causes, but no consensus was reached. Three consecutive symposia dealing with herring (1961, 1968, and 1970) reveal a changing perspective on the role of fishing on recruitment dynamics, culminating in Cushing’s 1975 book (“Marine Ecology and Fisheries”, referred to here as the “Grand Synthesis”), which defined the concept of recruitment overfishing and established the future agenda for fisheries oceanography. The 1978 ICES “Symposium on the Assessment and Management of Pelagic Fish Stocks” is interpreted as the “Aberdeen Consensus” (i.e. without effective management, recruitment overfishing is to be expected). In conclusion, herring research within ICES has led to many ideas and two major paradigm shifts.

scholarly journals Feeding the world: what role for fisheries?

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris L. J. Frid ◽  
Odette A. L. Paramor
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Population Peak ◽  
The World ◽  
Fisheries Waste ◽  
Global Population

Abstract Frid, C. L. J., and Paramor, O. A. L. 2012. Feeding the world: what role for fisheries? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 145–150. Fisheries (wild capture and aquaculture) deliver more than 110 million tonnes of food and around 15% of the dietary protein to the 7 billion people currently living on the planet. With the global population expected to peak at 9 billion by 2050, and >80% of global fish stocks currently fully or overexploited (and aquaculture is at least in part dependent on capture fisheries), the contribution of fisheries looks set to decline. The challenge is therefore determining how better management, an ecosystem perspective, and more efficient utilization of fisheries waste can support fisheries products continuing to contribute significantly to “feeding the world” up to and beyond the population peak.

The role of fish in cyanobacterial blooms in Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Gehrke ◽  
JH Harris
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Native Fish ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Natural Predator ◽  
Fish Grazing ◽  
Zooplankton Communities ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Potential pathways for interaction between fish and cyanobacteria include fish grazing directly on cyanobacteria, fish preying on grazers of cyanobacteria, fish supplying nutrients through excretion, fish providing nutrients by resuspending sediments, and fish altering the availability of nutrients and light by damaging macrophytes. The dominant interactions in Australia are likely to be through pathways that increase the availability of nutrients at the bottom of the food web. Carp probably contribute to these pathways more than do other species by excreting nutrients, resuspending sediments and damaging macrophytes. Further research, on both alien and native fish species, is needed to quantify these processes. Grazing of cyanobacteria by fish is probably trivial because freshwater fish in Australia lack mechanisms to process cyanobacterial cells effectively. Trophic interactions between planktivorous fish, zooplankton and cyanobacteria require closer study to assess the potential for preventing cyanobacterial blooms by manipulating natural predator communities in Australia. However, the need to protect and strengthen native fish stocks precludes removal of native fish to reduce predation pressure on zooplankton communities. Alternative solutions that combine control of nutrients entering waterways and removal of carp have a higher likelihood of success.

scholarly journals Disruption of essential habitat by a coastal invader: new evidence of the effects of green crabs on eelgrass beds

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1852-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Malyshev ◽  
Pedro A. Quijón
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Green Crab ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Eelgrass Beds ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract Malyshev, A., and Quijón, P. A. 2011. Disruption of essential habitat by a coastal invader: new evidence of the effects of green crabs on eelgrass beds. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1852–1856. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds have been declining in Atlantic Canada and elsewhere, partly as a result of sediment disruption and direct feeding/cutting of basal meristems by the green crab (Carcinus maenas). Green crabs are detrimental to eelgrass beds, and field and laboratory experiments have confirmed that the deleterious role of this invasive species is mediated by at least two mechanisms, depending on the size/age of the crabs: uprooting by adults and grazing by juveniles. Eelgrass uprooting and grazing by green crabs are likely to contribute to further declines or a lack of recovery of eelgrass beds.

scholarly journals What hat are you wearing? On the multiple roles of fishery scientists in the ICES community

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Dankel ◽  
Kari Stange ◽  
Kåre Nolde Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Network Organization ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
International Council ◽  
Advisory Councils ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Policy Relevant Science

Abstract Trends towards a more participatory agenda in policy-relevant science imply that the roles and work tasks of scientists become more multifaceted. In Europe, the increased use of multiannual plans creates a need for fishery scientists to contribute with their expertise in a wide variety of situations. We identify and characterize four roles for scientists as developers , reviewers , judges , and messengers in arenas where management plans are produced and evaluated. Using examples of producing and evaluating management plans for pelagic fish stocks in Europe, we present different scientific roles and how they may intertwine. The examples illustrate that fishery scientists increasingly interact with advisory councils and industry stakeholders when performing roles as developers and messengers. The roles as reviewers and judges are typically affiliated with evaluation processes carried out under the auspices of the marine science and advisory organization International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). While it may be difficult to separate the roles in practice, we argue that it must be emphasized to be aware of their different requirements to ensure that scientific credibility is not compromised. By asking the question “What hat are you wearing?”, we encourage individual fishery scientists, their employers, and ICES as a network organization of expertise to reflect on roles, affiliations, mandates, and possible consequences of wearing different “hats”.

scholarly journals A sea change: Johan Hjort and the natural fluctuations in the fish stocks

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1993-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Schwach
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Population Thinking ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Fish Biology ◽  
The North ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Mere Existence ◽  
Scientific Truth

Abstract That recruitment of juveniles to the stocks of fish is subject to natural variations is considered a scientific truth, if not a truism, in marine science. However, in 1914, when the zoologist Johan Hjort (1869–1948) published the notion, it meant a basic change in the understanding of the biology of the sea fish. A century later, his insight is a topic still at the centre of interest in fish biology. Hjort based his concept largely on investigations of herring (Clupea harengus) and cod (Gadus morhua) in the North Atlantic. He was the mastermind, but worked with a small group at the Directorate of Fisheries in Bergen, Norway, and in cooperation with the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). The theory of natural fluctuations prompted an important step from migration thinking to population thinking, and gave the emerging fish biology and multidisciplinary marine science a theoretical basis. The article aims to explore the set of important facts and reasoned ideas intended to explain the causes for variations in year classes, and in this the fluctuations in the recruitment to the stocks. It argues that in addition to scientific factors, economic and political circumstances had an important say in the shaping of the understanding of stock fluctuations. The mere existence of a theory does not alone account for a breakthrough, and the article draws attention to the acceptance of scientific results.

Law of the Sea

2019 ◽  
pp. 520-538
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Common Heritage Of Mankind ◽  
Marine Environmental Protection ◽  
The Law ◽  
Marine Environmental

The aim of this chapter is to examine the role of the United Nations (UN) in treaty-making in the field of the law of the sea. In particular, this chapter addresses the First and Third United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea, and the treaty-making process of two implementation agreements, that is, the 1994 Implementation Agreement and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement. In this regard, it is important to note that the tasks of the conferences in the field of the law of the sea have changed over time. At the First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, its primary task was to establish a legal framework for coordinating interests of individual states according to multiple jurisdictional zones. In contrast, the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea that adopted the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) dealt not only with the reconciliation of competing state interests but also with the safeguarding of community interests, such as the establishment of the deep seabed regime on the basis of the principle of common heritage of mankind and marine environmental protection. As demonstrated by this Conference, the task of treaty-making conferences under the auspices of the UN is no longer limited to the reconciliation of state interests but includes the safeguard and promotion of community interests at sea. Thus, the reconciliation between state interests and community interests should be a crucial issue in treaty-making in the law of the sea.

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