Welcome back Mr. Rudkin: differentiating Papilio zelicaon and Papilio polyxenes in Southern California (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4877 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-428
Author(s):  
KOJIRO SHIRAIWA ◽  
NICK V. GRISHIN
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
Papilio Polyxenes ◽  
Morphometric Method ◽  
Western Us ◽  
Subjective Synonym

We studied wing pattern characters to distinguish closely related sympatric species Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852 and Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775 in Southern California, and developed a morphometric method based on the ventral black postmedian band. Application of this method to the holotype of Papilio [Zolicaon variety] Coloro W. G. Wright, 1905, the name currently applied to the P. polyxenes populations, revealed that it is a P. zelicaon specimen. The name for western US polyxenes subspecies thus becomes Papilio polyxenes rudkini (F. & R. Chermock, 1981), reinstated status, and we place coloro as a junior subjective synonym of P. zelicaon. Furthermore, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA COI barcodes of rudkini and coloro holotypes and compared them with those of polyxenes and zelicaon specimens, confirming rudkini as polyxenes and coloro as zelicaon.

Detection of two cryptic taxa in Meristogenys amoropalamus (Amphibia, Ranidae) through nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1843 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMOHIKO SHIMADA ◽  
MASAFUMI MATSUI ◽  
PAUL YAMBUN ◽  
MAKLARIN LAKIM ◽  
MARYATI MOHAMED
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Deep Coalescence ◽  
Pomc Gene ◽  
Cryptic Taxa ◽  
Rag 1

We identified three distinct sympatric lineages of frogs among specimens previously considered a single species (Meris- togenys amoropalamus Matsui), based on 909 bp of mitochondrial DNA (12S rRNA and cytochrome b). To seek evidence of reproductive isolation between these lineages, we first analyzed a 249-bp fragment of the nuclear proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene and found five haplotypes, of which two were limited to lineage 1 and three belonged to lineages 3 and 4. In a subsequent phylogenetic analysis of a 1313-bp fragment of nuclear POMC, Rag-1, and rhodopsin, lineage 1 was again distinct, while lineages 3 and 4 could not be differentiated. The results of the nuclear gene analyses suggest that lineage 1 is strongly isolated reproductively from lineages 3 and 4, which are not isolated from each other. This conclusion conforms to groupings based on larval morphology. These results indicate that frogs morphologically identified as M. amoropalamus should be split into two sympatric species, one of which contains two mitochondrial lineages that have presumably been retained via deep coalescence.

Linkage and cytogenetic studies in the swallowtail butterflies Papilio polyxenes Fab. and Papilio machaon L. and their hybrids

1977 ◽  
Vol 198 (1133) ◽  
pp. 385-399 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
Parent Species ◽  
Papilio Polyxenes ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies ◽  
First Time

By the hand-pairing technique, F 1 hybrids, back crosses and, for the first time, F 2 hybrids have been obtained between Papilio polyxenes Fab. (black North American swallowtail) and Papilio machaon L. (yellow old world swallowtail). Three types of investigation were carried out in parent species and hybrids: (1) linkage, (2) the presence of heteropyknotic bodies, and (3) pachytene chromosomes. (1) It was conclusively demonstrated that the loci controlling adult wing pattern and larval spot colour are not linked. (2) The two species differ with respect to the heteropyknotic body in somatic cells. In P. polyxenes , a body is present in cells from females but absent in those of males, whereas in P. machaon the body is present also in a high proportion of males. This difference was studied in the various hybrids. (3) The morphology of the W (= Y) chromosome was found to differ in the two species and this chromosome can, therefore, be traced in crosses. The data also suggest that in P. machaon the W consists of two parts which have been tentatively designated as W 1 and W 2 , both pairing with the Z ( = X) chromosome. An additional nucleolar bivalent is present in some P. machaon individuals and this may be responsible for the polymorphism of the heteropyknotic body in the males. The fact that there are about 700 species of Papilios, many of which can be hybridized, means that comparative studies on heterochromatin and chromosomes are possible, and the findings may be relevant to hetero­pyknotic bodies in other orders.

A revision of the shovel-nosed lobsters of the genus Thenus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae), with descriptions of three new species  

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1429 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. BURTON ◽  
P. J.F. DAVIE
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
New Species ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Isozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Significant Genetic Divergence

The shovel-nosed lobster genus Thenus Leach, 1815, long considered to contain only Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793), is revised and five species recognised. Thenus indicus Leach, 1815, which had been relegated to the synonymy of T. orientalis, is reinstated and a lectotype designated. Three new species T. australiensis, T. unimaculatus and T. parindicus are diagnosed. Specimens of Thenus were collected from various locations throughout the Indo-West Pacific Oceans. Samples were analysed using a concordance approach involving three techniques: morphometrics/morphology, starch gel isozyme electrophoresis, and mitochondrial DNA sequencing of 16S and COI genes. All three investigations supported the recognition of five species. Despite significant genetic divergence, several sympatric species are morphologically similar and identification can be difficult; a key using a combination of live colour patterns and morphometric ratios is presented as an aid to species discrimination.

scholarly journals Differential geographic patterns of mitochondrial DNA variation in two sympatric species of Japanese wood mice, Apodemus speciosus and A. argenteus

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Suzuki ◽  
Shumpei P. Yasuda ◽  
Mitsuru Sakaizumi ◽  
Shigeharu Wakana ◽  
Masaharu Motokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Apodemus Speciosus ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Wood Mice ◽  
Geographic Patterns

Evaluation of the dark field method for large association of spread DNA

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-191
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Kinetoplast Dna ◽  
Field Electron ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron

A number of satisfactory methods are available for the electron microscopy of nicleic acids. These methods concentrated on fragments of nuclear, viral and mitochondrial DNA less than 50 megadaltons, on denaturation and heteroduplex mapping (Davies et al 1971) or on the interaction between proteins and DNA (Brack and Delain 1975). Less attention has been paid to the experimental criteria necessary for spreading and visualisation by dark field electron microscopy of large intact issociations of DNA. This communication will report on those criteria in relation to the ultrastructure of the (approx. 1 x 10-14g) DNA component of the kinetoplast from Trypanosomes. An extraction method has been developed to eliminate native endonucleases and nuclear contamination and to isolate the kinetoplast DNA (KDNA) as a compact network of high molecular weight. In collaboration with Dr. Ch. Brack (Basel [nstitute of Immunology), we studied the conditions necessary to prepare this KDNA Tor dark field electron microscopy using the microdrop spreading technique.

Properties of Isolated Mitochondria of Agaricus Bisporus: Their Relationship to Dormancy and the Germination of Spores

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 458-459
Author(s):  
K. S. McCarty ◽  
R. F. Weave ◽  
L. Kemper ◽  
F. S. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Ethidium Bromide ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Dna Strands ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ribosomes

During the prodromal stages of sporulation in the Basidiomycete, Agaricus bisporus, mitochondria accumulate in the basidial cells, zygotes, in the gill tissues prior to entry of these mitochondria, together with two haploid nuclei and cytoplasmic ribosomes, into the exospores. The mitochondria contain prominent loci of DNA [Fig. 1]. A modified Kleinschmidt spread technique1 has been used to evaluate the DNA strands from purified whole mitochondria released by osmotic shock, mitochondrial DNA purified on CsCl gradients [density = 1.698 gms/cc], and DNA purified on ethidium bromide CsCl gradients. The DNA appeared as linear strands up to 25 u in length and circular forms 2.2-5.2 u in circumference. In specimens prepared by osmotic shock, many strands of DNA are apparently attached to membrane fragments [Fig. 2]. When mitochondria were ruptured in hypotonic sucrose and then fixed in glutaraldehyde, the ribosomes were released for electron microscopic examination.

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