Uses of Genetic Engineering in Judicial Affairs

Genetic engineering represents the essence of modern scientific developments, rather, it is an essential branch in the contemporary biological revolution, which has become the subject of astonishment and hopes for human life. It plays an effective and influential role in all fields of life, such as science, agriculture, medicine, the environment, animals, and in the field of security and space as well, Therefore, the judiciary tried to benefit from it, And makes it within his service, especially in the field of judicial investigations, establishing lineage and revealing criminal files such as sexual rape, murder and kidnapping, which is done through the use of DNA analyses of human cells known as DNA tests of genetic material as a judicial presumption in order to use it in establishing clear legal, social and legal cases, this is due to the rare and explicit scientific characteristic possessed by the genetic structure of the DNA that is present on chromosomes, the genetic material of all cells of the human body, and it performs the function of inferring a single identity, the personal confidentiality of each individual, which is transmitted through heredity naturally and automatically from both parents for children and grandchildren, it expresses and represents, on its part, the biological characteristics and personal identity of each individual.

Insights on The Morphological and Phylogenetic Delimitation of Dacrymyces Nees

Dacrymycetes has four families and 13 genera, few of them with molecular data available and then usually polyphyletic in phylogenetic analyses. Dacrymyces Nees is one of the polyphyletic genera in Dacrymycetes and it was introduced to accommodate one species, D. stillatus Nees. The morphological features of the genus are a homogeneous composition of the intra-structure and an amphigenous or superior hymenium. In this study, we included Neotropical specimens in the phylogeny of the Dacrymycetes and Dacrymyces s.s. is emended to include species with resupinate basidiomata, unilateral hymenium and heterogeneous context. In this new delimitation, the new species Dacrymyces flavobrunneus is described using morphological and molecular data and three new combinations (D. ceraceus comb. nov., D. maxidorii comb. nov. and D. spathularia comb. nov.) are proposed based on DNA analyses.

Checklist of the Pipunculidae (Diptera) of mainland France: further faunistic records and description of a new species

Since the first faunistic study of the Pipunculidae (Diptera) of mainland France in 2006, new material from 37 natural sites and four private collections has been evaluated by the authors of this article. A total of 5739 specimens of Pipunculidae collected in France were examined, of which 5214 were identified to species by the authors, for a total of 114 species. DNA analyses were also carried out on some specimens to confirm their morphological identifications. The list of Pipunculidae recorded in mainland France is updated to include 140 species. Tomosvaryella estebani sp. nov. is described from material collected in France and Italy. Twenty-four species are also reported for the first time from France. The records of Cephalops (Semicephalops) carinatus (Verrall, 1901), Cephalosphaera (Cephalosphaera) furcata (Egger, 1860), Eudorylas terminalis (Thomson, 1870) and Jassidophaga villosa (Roser, 1840), without precise data in the literature, are now precisely located in France with this work. For the other species, we provide new post-2006 records.

Chromosomes, Nuclear Genes and the Phylogenetic Placement Within the Reptilia of Sphenodon (Tuatara)

<p>Chromosomes were examined from five populations of Sphenodon (tuatara) using giemsa, Ag-NOR, C-, G- and RE- banding. There were no differences between species, populations or sexes, although one animal had a structural heteromorphism. Chromosome morphology homology to Testudines (turtles), Aves (birds) and to a lesser extent Crocodylia (crocodiles) allowed reconstruction ofa Reptilian proto-karyotype, dated to 300 million years ago. DNA sequence was isolated from the WT1, AMH, DMRT1, FoxG1 and 28S. No variation was present in Sphenodon 28S, FoxG1 or AMH sequence. 28S could be dated to a common ancestor with Testudines, similar to the archaic karyotype. FoxG1 and AMH reflect an Oligocene divergence, WT1 divides north-eastern North Island and Cook Strait, and can be dated to the Pleistocene or the Pliocene, and DMRT1appears a recent post- pliocene divergence. FISH localised DIG-labelled probes of AMH to chromosome 11 and WT1 to chromosome 13 or 14. Human telomeric probes localised to Sphenodon telomeric regions demonstrating the highly conserved nature of telomeric sequences. Comparative genomic hybridisation with chicken chromosomes did not produce any regions of homology, implying significant chromosomal and DNA changes since the Orders shared a common ancestor, although macrochromosome morphology has remained similar. Sphenodon chromosomal and nuclear DNA analyses demonstrate evolutionary decoupling, supporting recent mtDNA work.</p>

Chromosomes, Nuclear Genes and the Phylogenetic Placement Within the Reptilia of Sphenodon (Tuatara)

<p>Chromosomes were examined from five populations of Sphenodon (tuatara) using giemsa, Ag-NOR, C-, G- and RE- banding. There were no differences between species, populations or sexes, although one animal had a structural heteromorphism. Chromosome morphology homology to Testudines (turtles), Aves (birds) and to a lesser extent Crocodylia (crocodiles) allowed reconstruction ofa Reptilian proto-karyotype, dated to 300 million years ago. DNA sequence was isolated from the WT1, AMH, DMRT1, FoxG1 and 28S. No variation was present in Sphenodon 28S, FoxG1 or AMH sequence. 28S could be dated to a common ancestor with Testudines, similar to the archaic karyotype. FoxG1 and AMH reflect an Oligocene divergence, WT1 divides north-eastern North Island and Cook Strait, and can be dated to the Pleistocene or the Pliocene, and DMRT1appears a recent post- pliocene divergence. FISH localised DIG-labelled probes of AMH to chromosome 11 and WT1 to chromosome 13 or 14. Human telomeric probes localised to Sphenodon telomeric regions demonstrating the highly conserved nature of telomeric sequences. Comparative genomic hybridisation with chicken chromosomes did not produce any regions of homology, implying significant chromosomal and DNA changes since the Orders shared a common ancestor, although macrochromosome morphology has remained similar. Sphenodon chromosomal and nuclear DNA analyses demonstrate evolutionary decoupling, supporting recent mtDNA work.</p>