scholarly journals Visual attractiveness is leaky (4): Effects of non-social stimuli and the relationship to distance and timing

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 632-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mier ◽  
E. Shimojo ◽  
S. Shimojo
Keyword(s):  
Social Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Genetic influences of autism candidate genes on circuit wiring and olfactory decoding

2021 ◽  
Vol 383 (1) ◽  
pp. 581-595
Author(s):  
Renée Hartig ◽  
David Wolf ◽  
Michael J. Schmeisser ◽  
Wolfgang Kelsch
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Genetic Expression ◽  
Neuronal Coding ◽  
Odor Processing ◽  
Social Tasks ◽  
Behavioral Impairments ◽  
Core Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOlfaction supports a multitude of behaviors vital for social communication and interactions between conspecifics. Intact sensory processing is contingent upon proper circuit wiring. Disturbances in genetic factors controlling circuit assembly and synaptic wiring can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), where impaired social interactions and communication are core symptoms. The variability in behavioral phenotype expression is also contingent upon the role environmental factors play in defining genetic expression. Considering the prevailing clinical diagnosis of ASD, research on therapeutic targets for autism is essential. Behavioral impairments may be identified along a range of increasingly complex social tasks. Hence, the assessment of social behavior and communication is progressing towards more ethologically relevant tasks. Garnering a more accurate understanding of social processing deficits in the sensory domain may greatly contribute to the development of therapeutic targets. With that framework, studies have found a viable link between social behaviors, circuit wiring, and altered neuronal coding related to the processing of salient social stimuli. Here, the relationship between social odor processing in rodents and humans is examined in the context of health and ASD, with special consideration for how genetic expression and neuronal connectivity may regulate behavioral phenotypes.

scholarly journals Propensity to reappraise promotes resilience to stress-induced negativity bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Raio ◽  
Catie Brown ◽  
Maital Neta
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Stress exposure is associated with an increased tendency to appraise ambiguous social stimuli as negative. However, it remains unknown whether tendencies to use emotion regulation strategies—such as cognitive reappraisal, which involves altering the meaning of affective stimuli—can buffer these stress effects on social evaluations. Here, we examined whether increased reappraisal use confers resilience against stress-induced negativity bias. In Study 1, healthy participants (n=43) rated the valence of emotionally ambiguous (surprised) faces before and after an acute stress or control manipulation and reported reappraisal habits. Increased negativity ratings were milder for stressed individuals that reported more habitual reappraisal use. In Study 2 (n=97), we extended this investigation to real-world perceived stress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that reappraisal tendency moderates the relationship between perceived stress and increased negativity bias. Collectively, these findings suggest that the propensity to reappraise attenuates stress-induced negativity bias when evaluating others under uncertainty.

scholarly journals The impact of bilingualism on social attentional preferences in autistic children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Davis ◽  
Lewis Montgomery ◽  
Hugh Rabagliati ◽  
Antonella Sorace ◽  
Sue Fletcher-Watson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Dual Language ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Research suggests that autistic children show reduced attentional preferences to social stimuli early in development, and these differences have consequences in a range of social and language domains. One factor that could positively influence development in those same processes is dual language exposure. Although there are a handful of studies focusing on the impact of bilingualism on language and executive functions in autistic children, no research to date has focused on the relationship with social attention and cognition. This study investigated the impact of bilingual exposure on social attention in autistic children (n = 33) and their neurotypical peers (n = 42). Children completed a previously-validated eye-tracking task in which visual attention (dwell time) to interacting versus non-interacting human figures was measured, and correlations between social attention preference and broader social and language skills were conducted. Contrary to previous research, patterns of visual attention did not distinguish autistic and neurotypical children, with both groups showing a preference for interacting figures. Although direct effects of bilingual exposure were not found, it is possible that this finding was driven by compensatory effects of bilingual exposure. Correlations between social attention and social skills were observed.

scholarly journals When loss hurts: Psychobiological basis of frustration

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. e1443
Author(s):  
Carmen Torres Bares ◽  
Loida E. Morillo-Rivero ◽  
Mauricio R. Papini
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Psychological Pain ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

Frustration or psychological pain refers to a negative emotional experience derived from unexpected incentive loss. The scientific study of frustration with non-human animals is abundant and consistent, whereas human research on this topic seems to be more fragmentary because of the variety of conceptual, theoretical and experimental approaches. The main aim of this paper was to conduct a narrative review of the scientific literature about the psychological construct of frustration. With this goal in mind, we first described the consummatory successive negative contrast, a widely used animal model of psychological pain and frustration. We also conducted a systematic search of experimental studies aimed at inducing frustration in humans, reviewed studies focused on analyzing the relationship between physical and psychological pain, and selected experiments involving the manipulation (omission, devaluation) of social stimuli. A discussion of the implications of the results for basic and clinical research was finally included, with an especial emphasis in the current COVID-19 pandemic, a worldwide experience of incentive loss with relevant psychological consequences.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Tinkering with cognitive gadgets: Cultural evolutionary psychology meets active inference

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Benjamin Badcock ◽  
Axel Constant ◽  
Maxwell James Désormeau Ramstead
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Innovative Research ◽  
Cognitive Faculties ◽  
Cultural Evolutionary ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cognitive Gadgets offers a new, convincing perspective on the origins of our distinctive cognitive faculties, coupled with a clear, innovative research program. Although we broadly endorse Heyes’ ideas, we raise some concerns about her characterisation of evolutionary psychology and the relationship between biology and culture, before discussing the potential fruits of examining cognitive gadgets through the lens of active inference.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

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