Characteristics and Predictability of Midwestern United States Drought

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hoell ◽  
Trent W. Ford ◽  
Molly Woloszyn ◽  
Jason A. Otkin ◽  
Jon Eischeid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Ohio Valley ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Wave Trains

AbstractCharacteristics and predictability of drought in the Midwestern United States, spanning the Great Plains to the Ohio Valley, at local and regional scales are examined during 1916-2015. Given vast differences in hydroclimatic variability across the Midwest, drought is evaluated in four regions identified using a hierarchical clustering algorithm applied to an integrated drought index based on soil moisture, snow water equivalent, and three-month runoff from land surface models forced by observed analyses. Highlighting the regions containing the Ohio Valley (OV) and Northern Great Plains (NGP), the OV demonstrates a preference for sub-annual droughts, the timing of which can lead to prevalent dry epochs, while the NGP demonstrates a preference for annual-to-multi-annual droughts. Regional drought variations are closely related to precipitation, resulting in a higher likelihood of drought onset or demise during wet seasons: March-November in the NGP and all year in the OV, with a preference for March-May and September-November. Due to the distinct dry season in the NGP, there is a higher likelihood of longer drought persistence, as the NGP is four times more likely to experience drought lasting at least one year compared to the OV. While drought variability in all regions and seasons are related to atmospheric wave trains spanning the Pacific-North American sector, longer-lead predictability is limited to the OV in December-February because it is the only region/season related to slow-varying sea surface temperatures consistent with El Niño-Southern Oscillation. The wave trains in all other regions appear to be generated in the atmosphere, highlighting the importance of internal atmospheric variability in shaping Midwestern drought.

scholarly journals Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia triticina on Wheat in the United States in 2013

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1261-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kolmer ◽  
M. E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Ohio Valley ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Collections of Puccinia triticina were obtained from rust-infected leaves provided by cooperators throughout the United States and from wheat fields and breeding plots by USDA-ARS personnel and cooperators in the Great Plains, Ohio River Valley, and southeastern states in order to determine the virulence of the wheat leaf rust population in 2013. Single uredinial isolates (490 total) were derived from the collections and tested for virulence phenotype on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. In 2013, 79 virulence phenotypes were described in the United States. Virulence phenotypes MBTNB, TNBGJ, and MCTNB were the three most common phenotypes. Phenotypes MBTNB and MCTNB are both virulent to Lr11, and MCTNB is virulent to Lr26. MBTNB and MCTNB were most common in the soft red winter wheat region of the southeastern states and Ohio Valley. Phenotype TNBGJ is virulent to Lr39/41 and was widely distributed throughout the hard red winter wheat region of the Great Plains. Isolates with virulence to Lr11, Lr18, and Lr26 were common in the southeastern states and Ohio Valley region. Isolates with virulence to Lr21, Lr24, and Lr39/41 were frequent in the hard red wheat region of the southern and northern Great Plains.

Investigating the Relationship between the Evaporative Stress Index and Land Surface Conditions in the Contiguous United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1469-1484
Author(s):  
Yafang Zhong ◽  
Jason A. Otkin ◽  
Martha C. Anderson ◽  
Christopher Hain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central United States

AbstractDespite the key importance of soil moisture–evapotranspiration (ET) coupling in the climate system, limited availability of soil moisture and ET observations poses a major impediment for investigation of this coupling regarding spatiotemporal characteristics and potential modifications under climate change. To better understand and quantify soil moisture–ET coupling and relevant processes, this study takes advantage of in situ soil moisture observations from the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) for the time period of 2010–17 and a satellite-derived version of the evapotranspiration stress index (ESI), which represents anomalies in a normalized ratio of actual to reference ET. The analyses reveal strong seasonality and regional characteristics of the ESI–land surface interactions across the United States, with the strongest control of soil moisture on the ESI found in the southern Great Plains during spring, and in the north-central United States, the northern Great Plains, and the Pacific Northwest during summer. In drier climate regions such as the northern Great Plains and north-central United States, soil moisture control on the ESI is confined to surface soil layers, with subsurface soil moisture passively responding to changes in the ESI. The soil moisture–ESI interaction is more uniform between surface and subsurface soils in wetter regions with higher vegetation cover. These results provide a benchmark for simulation of soil moisture–ET coupling and are useful for projection of associated climate processes in the future.

scholarly journals First Report of Charcoal Rot of Sunflower in Minnesota, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
T. Gulya ◽  
A. Mengistu ◽  
K. Kinzer ◽  
N. Balbyshev ◽  
S. Markell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
First Report ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
North And South

Charcoal rot was first observed on sunflower in North and South Dakota in 1998, and was widespread on soybeans recently in Iowa, suggesting that Macrophomina may becoming more common in cooler growing areas of Midwestern United States. With the multitude of Macrophomina hosts in the northern Great Plains and the high incidence of microsclerotia we detected in soil, high disease potential may exist, suggesting that in drier, hotter years the sunflower crop may be affected by this disease. Accepted for publication 17 May 2010. Published 7 July 2010.

Virulence phenotypes of the wheat leaf rust pathogen, Puccinia triticina, in the United States 2018-2020

Plant Disease ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kolmer ◽  
Oluseyi Fajolu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Ohio Valley ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Collections of wheat leaves infected with the leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina, were obtained from the southeastern states, the Ohio Valley, the Great Plains, and Washington in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to determine the prevalent virulence phenotypes in the wheat growing regions of the United States. In the hard red winter wheat region of the southern and mid Great Plains, MNPSD, and MPPSD were the two most common phenotypes in 2018 and 2019. In 2020 BBBQD with high virulence to durum wheat was the most common phenotype in the southern Great Plains. In the hard red spring wheat region of the northern Great Plains, MNPSD, MPPSD, MBDSD, and TBBGS were the predominant phenotypes. In the soft red winter wheat region of the southeastern states and Ohio Valley region, MBTNB, MCTNB, and MNPSD were the three most common phenotypes. Collections in Washington had phenotypes LBDSG, LCDSG, LCDJG, and MBDSB that were not found in any other region. Isolates with virulence to Lr11 were most frequent in the southeastern states, and Ohio Valley regions. The frequency of isolates with virulence to Lr39 was highest in the Great Plains region and frequency of isolates with virulence to Lr21 was highest in the northern Great Plains region. Selection of virulence phenotypes by leaf rust resistance genes in the different market classes of wheat, combined with the effects of clonal reproduction, overwintering in southern regions, and low migration between the Great Plains region and eastern wheat producing regions, has maintained the different P. triticina populations in the United States.

scholarly journals Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia triticina on Wheat in the United States in 2014

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1768-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kolmer ◽  
M. E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Ohio Valley ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Collections of Puccinia triticina obtained from wheat fields and breeding plots in the Great Plains, Ohio River Valley, and southeastern states, were tested for virulence in 2014 in order to determine the virulence of the wheat leaf rust pathogen population in the United States. Single uredinial isolates (380 total) were derived from the collections and tested for virulence phenotype on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. In 2014, 55 virulence phenotypes were described in the United States. Virulence phenotypes MBTNB, TBBGS, and TCRKG were the three most common phenotypes. Phenotypes MBTNB and TCRKG are both virulent to Lr11, and TCRKG is also virulent to Lr18 and Lr26. MBTNB and TCRKG were most common in the soft red winter wheat region of the southeastern states and the Ohio Valley. Phenotype TBBGS is virulent to Lr39, which is present in the hard red winter wheat cultivars, and Lr21, which is present in the hard red spring wheat cultivars. Isolates with virulence to Lr11, Lr18, and Lr26 were most common in the southeastern states and Ohio Valley region. Isolates with virulence to Lr21 and Lr39 were most common in the hard red wheat region of the southern and northern Great Plains.

A hybrid Climatology of Snow Water Equivalent Over the Northern Great Plains of the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Grundstein ◽  
Thomas Mote ◽  
Daniel Leathers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Snow Water

Changes in Observed Daily Precipitation over the United States between 1950–79 and 1980–2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Higgins ◽  
V. E. Kousky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enso Cycle ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract Changes in observed daily precipitation over the conterminous United States between two 30-yr periods (1950–79 and 1980–2009) are examined using a 60-yr daily precipitation analysis obtained from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified Raingauge Database. Several simple measures are used to characterize the changes, including mean, frequency, intensity, and return period. Seasonality is accounted for by examining each measure for four nonoverlapping seasons. The possible role of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle as an explanation for differences between the two periods is also examined. There have been more light (1 mm ≤ P < 10 mm), moderate (10 mm ≤ P < 25 mm), and heavy (P ≥ 25 mm) daily precipitation events (P) in many regions of the country during the more recent 30-yr period with some of the largest and most spatially coherent increases over the Great Plains and lower Mississippi Valley during autumn and winter. Some regions, such as portions of the Southeast and the Pacific Northwest, have seen decreases, especially during the winter. Increases in multiday heavy precipitation events have been observed in the more recent period, especially over portions of the Great Plains, Great Lakes, and Northeast. These changes are associated with changes in the mean and frequency of daily precipitation during the more recent 30-yr period. Difference patterns are strongly related to the ENSO cycle and are consistent with the stronger El Niño events during the more recent 30-yr period. Return periods for both heavy and light daily precipitation events during 1950–79 are shorter during 1980–2009 at most locations, with some notable regional exceptions.

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