African Americans: Colorism in Morrow v. IRS Litigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (14) ◽  
pp. 1978-1987
Author(s):  
JeffriAnne Wilder
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Internal Revenue Service ◽  
Title Vii ◽  
Civil Rights Era ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
First Case ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
Color Bias ◽  
Post Civil Rights

Walker v. Secretary of Treasury, IRS (Internal Revenue Service) served as a landmark case in shaping the legal context of color-based discrimination in the workplace. As the first case of colorism between Black Americans heard at the federal level, the Walker decision broadened the scope of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, treating race and color as two distinctive categories and protected classes. Beyond the legal significance of the ruling, Walker v. IRS carried important social and cultural implications that exposed the continuing significance of colorism in the post–Civil Rights Era. This article deals with an overview of the Walker v. IRS lawsuit, including a discussion of the overall impact of the ruling on the interpretation of Title VII and the inclusion of color(ism) in the application of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Subsequent cases of color bias in the workplace are explored, and the enduring impact of the Walker judgment is examined.

Women in Probation and Parole, 1974

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meyressa H. Schoonmaker ◽  
Jennifer S. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Title Vii ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Probation And Parole ◽  
Change In Practice ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Probation And Parole Officers

A 1970 survey of women in probation and parole showed that only 20 states mixed caseloads of parole and probation officers. A survey of state agencies by means of a questionnaire directed. to the director of each state agency in January 1974 showed dramatic changes. The number of states allowing probation and parole officers to supervise clients of the opposite sex jumped to 46, with only four states holding out. The questionnaire results also show, not surprisingly, the low ratio of women employed in probation and parole. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the need for more qualified employees, and the inefficiency of caseload segrega tion have influenced changes in use of personnel. Although the change in practice to integrated caseloads is selective in some states and made with reservations in others, the response of one director of parole operations seems to capture the mood of inevitable change in practice and attitude: Civil Service says that his agency cannot discriminate against women and that a woman can do a "man's job" in all respects.

scholarly journals 'Sex' and Religion after Bostock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin S. Pandya ◽  
Marcia McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Employment Discrimination ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Title Vii ◽  
Lower Court ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Employer Discrimination ◽  
The U.S

This paper reviews the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinion in Bostock v. Clayton County (2020). There, the Court held that by barring employer discrimination against any individual “because of such individual’s . . . sex,” Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also bars employment discrimination because an individual is gay or transgender. The paper then speculates about how much Bostock will affect how likely lower court judges will read other “sex” discrimination prohibitions in the U.S. Code in the same way, in part based on a canvass of the text of about 150 of those prohibitions. The paper also discusses the religion-based defenses that defendants may raise in response under Title VII itself, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL RACISM IN AMERICAN POST-CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN DEAR MARTIN BY NIC STONE (2017)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifah Indriani ◽  
Delvi Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Institutional Racism ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Civil Rights Era ◽  
Group Interest ◽  
Post Civil Rights

This thesis is an analysis of a novel written by Nic Stone entitled Dear Martin (2017). It explores the issue of institutional racism in the post-civil rights era. The concept of systemic racism by Joe R.Feagin is employed to analyze this novel. This analysis focuses on four issues of systemic racism as seen through several African-American characters. This analysis also depends on the narrator to determine which parts of the novel are used as the data. The result of the study shows that African-American characters experience four forms of institutional racism which are The White Racial Frame and Its Embedded Racist Ideology, Alienated Social Relations, Racial Hierarchy with Divergent Group Interest, and Related Racial Domination: Discrimination in Many Aspects. In conclusion, in this post-civil rights movement era, African-Americans still face institutional racism.

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