Genes, Gender Inequality, and Educational Attainment

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Herd ◽  
Jeremy Freese ◽  
Kamil Sicinski ◽  
Benjamin W. Domingue ◽  
Kathleen Mullan Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Add Health ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship

Women’s opportunities have been profoundly altered over the past century by reductions in the social and structural constraints that limit women’s educational attainment. Do social constraints manifest as a suppressing influence on genetic indicators of potential, and if so, did equalizing opportunity mean equalizing the role of genetics? We address this with three cohort studies: the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS; birth years 1939 to 1940), the Health and Retirement Study, and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; birth years 1975 to 1982). These studies include a “polygenic score” for educational attainment, providing a novel opportunity to explore this question. We find that within the WLS cohort, the relationship between genetics and educational outcomes is weaker for women than for men. However, as opportunities changed in the 1970s and 1980s, and many middle-aged women went back to school, the relationship between genetic factors and education strengthened for women as they aged. Furthermore, utilizing the HRS and Add Health, we find that as constraints limiting women’s educational attainment declined, gender differences in the relationship between genetics and educational outcomes weakened. We demonstrate that genetic influence must be understood through the lens of historical change, the life course, and social structures like gender.

scholarly journals Citizenship and Educational Attainment amongst the Second Generation: An Analysis of Children of Immigrants in Finland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Kilpi-Jakonen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Children Of Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables

Citizenship acquisition is often viewed as an indicator of immigrant integration as well as an event that spurs integration further. Relatively little is know about the relationship between citizenship and integration for children of immigrants. This article examines the relationship between citizenship and educational attainment at approximately age 16 in Finland using register data. Results suggest that children of immigrants who are Finnish citizens have better educational outcomes than non-citizens, measured with three indicators of educational attainment. However, the Finnish citizens come from families with higher levels of educational and economic resources than non-citizens and this explains much of the relationship between citizenship and education. After controlling for intervening variables, second generation students with Finnish citizenship are found to be more likely to choose general rather than vocational upper secondary education compared to their peers who have another citizenship. It is argued that this reflects a difference in educational attitudes between the two groups.

The educational attainment of the children of stay-at-home mothers: evidence from the Irish Marriage Bar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Mosca ◽  
Vincent O’Sullivan ◽  
Robert E Wright
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Instrumental Variable Estimation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between maternal employment and the educational attainment of children is examined using data from the third wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Because maternal employment is potentially endogenous with respect to child educational attainment, instrumental variable estimation is used. In this analysis, two sets of instruments are used based on whether the mother’s employment was affected by the Marriage Bar that was in place at that time in Ireland. A Marriage Bar is the requirement that women in certain jobs must leave that job when they marry. It is found that the probability that a child completes university is 1–3 percentage points lower for each additional year of maternal employment during the first 18 years of the child’s life.

Gender, Bullying Victimization, and Education

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Marie Popp ◽  
Anthony A. Peguero ◽  
Kristin R. Day ◽  
Lindsay L. Kahle
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Academic Self Efficacy

School bullying has detrimental consequences for its victims, including undermining students’ educational outcomes. Furthermore, gender has been shown to play a significant role in determining the type of bullying victimization experienced and educational outcomes. This research examines whether an interaction between gender and bullying victimization exists as well as its impact on educational outcomes (i.e., academic self-efficacy and educational achievement). Multivariate regression analyses, drawing on the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, reveal that the interaction between gender and bullying victimization is linked to disparate educational outcomes. The findings and their implications are discussed regarding understanding the relationship between gender, bullying victimization, and education.

Dealing with fatherhood: Paternal identities among men in the illegal drug economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 147737081987442
Author(s):  
Heidi Grundetjern ◽  
Heith Copes ◽  
Sveinung Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Absent Fathers ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Drug Economy ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates paternal identities among men who are involved in the illegal drug economy in Norway. Using data from life-history interviews, we identified two paternal identities relating to the role fatherhood played in their lives and crimes: struggling fathers and absent fathers. Our analysis demonstrates the structural constraints of fatherhood for crime-involved men, which is rooted in their class positions and enhanced by being situated in hyper-masculine drug markets with little access to hegemonic masculinity. Our study offers a contribution to scholarship on marginalized fatherhood, and highlights the import of paternal identities for understanding the relationship between fatherhood and crime over the life course.

The Good-looking Giver Effect: The Relationship Between Doing Good and Looking Good

2020 ◽  
pp. 089976402095083
Author(s):  
Sara Konrath ◽  
Femida Handy
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Add Health ◽  
Halo Effect ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Physically Attractive ◽  
The Relationship

Evidence exists that beautiful is seen as good: the halo effect wherein more physically attractive people are perceived to be good, and the reverse halo that good is seen as beautiful. Yet research has rarely examined the evidence linking the beautiful with the good, or the reverse, without the halo effect. We examine the relationship between physical attractiveness (beauty) and giving behaviors (good), where ratings of attractiveness are independent of giving behaviors. We use three U.S. datasets: (a) a nationally representative sample of older adults (NSHAP), (b) a nationally representative longitudinal study of adolescents (ADD Health), and (c) the 54-year Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), to present evidence that these two characteristics (attractiveness and giving) are indeed correlated without the halo effect. We find a ‘good-looking giver’ effect–that more physically attractive people are more likely to engage in giving behaviors, and vice versa. Thus, in ecologically valid real-world samples, people who do good are also likely to look good.

The Impact of Women’s Employment on Marital Stability in Qatar Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
Noora Ahmed Lari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Work Motivation ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Insufficient Time ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The State of Qatar has implemented several family policies in order to improve the wellbeing of Qatari families and ensure fair distribution of development benefits for both men and women. However, there is a linkage between female employment outside the home and instability in the marriages of Qatari families. This paper investigates the impact of female employment on marital stability, based on the results of primary data collected in Qatar, a questionnaire that consisted of several sections such as challenges in the workplace, supervisor, family and spouse relations, work motivation and performance. Of the 824 questionnaires that were returned, 807 were completed and valid for analysis. Regression analysis and an ANOVA test have been used to test the relationship between the variables. The results of the research have produced mixed findings about how wives’ employment increases marital instability and have yielded few significant differences on mean scores of discuss on work demands, insufficient time together, housework, financial matters, communication, relatives and rearing children. The results indicates that in general Qatar working women face several challenges in relation to their marital life as part of cultural and social constraints.

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